2 Affinity-Based Methods for the Analysis of Emerging …
53
derivate of cellulose. A recovery of 89–107% was observed for all sets of enantiomers, and detection limits of 0.67–2.29 ng L
−1 were obtained (Zhao et al. 2016).
Chiral peptides were extracted from wastewater and river water by magnetic SPE,
followed by their separation and analysis using ultra-performance LC-MS/MS and
a 3,5-dimethylphenyl tris-phenylcarbamate derivative of amylose as the stationary
phase (Zhao et al. 2018). This method resulted in detection down to the low ng L
−1
range (Zhao et al. 2018). Dummy MIPs were coated onto magnetic multi-walled
carbon nanotubes and used with DLLME to extract and concentrate non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs such as ketoprofen, ibuprofen, and flurbiprofen from river
water, wastewater, and lake water samples (Yuan et al. 2018). This was followed by
the chiral separation and analysis of these drugs by using LC-MS/MS and a CSP
based on an amylose derivative (Yuan et al. 2018).
2.4.2 Macrocyclic Antibiotic-Based Methods
Macrocyclic antibiotics are another class of compounds that can be used as CSPs
(Ilisz et al. 2012). Glycopeptide-based macrocyclic antibiotics such as teicoplanin
and vancomycin have been used in several reports for the analysis of chiral compounds and environmental samples (Ward and Farris 2001; Nikolai et al. 2006;
Camacho-Muñoz and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2017). The structure of these glycopeptides is based on a central framework that is composed of a heptapeptide in which
five of the seven amino acid residues are common to all members of this family (Ilisz
et al. 2012). Many types of interactions are possible between an analyte and this CSP,
such as p-p interactions, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, dipole–dipole
interactions, ionic interactions, and van der Waals forces (Ilisz et al. 2009). These
binding agents also possess many regions that enable them to take part in chiral
recognition (Teixeira et al. 2019). These CSPs are usually immobilized to silica and
can be used in many common elution modes (Ilisz et al. 2012; Min et al. 2015; Ismail
et al. 2016; Teixeira et al. 2019).
Vancomycin has been employed as a CSP with LC-MS/MS for analyzing the
enantiomers of β-blockers such as atenolol, metoprolol, and propranolol in wastewater samples (Nikolai et al. 2006). Some typical chromatograms that were acquired by
this method are shown in Fig. 2.8. Detection limits of 2–17 ng L
−1 were observed in
wastewater, and mean recoveries of 67–106% were obtained for these enantiomers
(Nikolai et al. 2006). Teicoplanin has been used as a CSP in the reversed-phase mode
for the separation of several drugs by ultra-performance LC-MS/MS for wastewater
and surface water samples (Camacho-Muñoz and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2017). Drugs
that have been examined by this approach have included chloramphenicol, ibuprofen, ifosamide, indoprofen, and some metabolites of ibuprofen (Camacho-Muñoz
and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2017).
53
derivate of cellulose. A recovery of 89–107% was observed for all sets of enantiomers, and detection limits of 0.67–2.29 ng L
−1 were obtained (Zhao et al. 2016).
Chiral peptides were extracted from wastewater and river water by magnetic SPE,
followed by their separation and analysis using ultra-performance LC-MS/MS and
a 3,5-dimethylphenyl tris-phenylcarbamate derivative of amylose as the stationary
phase (Zhao et al. 2018). This method resulted in detection down to the low ng L
−1
range (Zhao et al. 2018). Dummy MIPs were coated onto magnetic multi-walled
carbon nanotubes and used with DLLME to extract and concentrate non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs such as ketoprofen, ibuprofen, and flurbiprofen from river
water, wastewater, and lake water samples (Yuan et al. 2018). This was followed by
the chiral separation and analysis of these drugs by using LC-MS/MS and a CSP
based on an amylose derivative (Yuan et al. 2018).
2.4.2 Macrocyclic Antibiotic-Based Methods
Macrocyclic antibiotics are another class of compounds that can be used as CSPs
(Ilisz et al. 2012). Glycopeptide-based macrocyclic antibiotics such as teicoplanin
and vancomycin have been used in several reports for the analysis of chiral compounds and environmental samples (Ward and Farris 2001; Nikolai et al. 2006;
Camacho-Muñoz and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2017). The structure of these glycopeptides is based on a central framework that is composed of a heptapeptide in which
five of the seven amino acid residues are common to all members of this family (Ilisz
et al. 2012). Many types of interactions are possible between an analyte and this CSP,
such as p-p interactions, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, dipole–dipole
interactions, ionic interactions, and van der Waals forces (Ilisz et al. 2009). These
binding agents also possess many regions that enable them to take part in chiral
recognition (Teixeira et al. 2019). These CSPs are usually immobilized to silica and
can be used in many common elution modes (Ilisz et al. 2012; Min et al. 2015; Ismail
et al. 2016; Teixeira et al. 2019).
Vancomycin has been employed as a CSP with LC-MS/MS for analyzing the
enantiomers of β-blockers such as atenolol, metoprolol, and propranolol in wastewater samples (Nikolai et al. 2006). Some typical chromatograms that were acquired by
this method are shown in Fig. 2.8. Detection limits of 2–17 ng L
−1 were observed in
wastewater, and mean recoveries of 67–106% were obtained for these enantiomers
(Nikolai et al. 2006). Teicoplanin has been used as a CSP in the reversed-phase mode
for the separation of several drugs by ultra-performance LC-MS/MS for wastewater
and surface water samples (Camacho-Muñoz and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2017). Drugs
that have been examined by this approach have included chloramphenicol, ibuprofen, ifosamide, indoprofen, and some metabolites of ibuprofen (Camacho-Muñoz
and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2017).