20
K. Kuroda and J. Kobayashi
Table 1.4 Detection frequency (%) and concentration range (ng/L) of other selected
pharmaceuticals in Asian groundwater
Detection freq.
(%)
Sample number Concentration
range (ng/L)
Country/region
References
Acetaminophen (anti-inflammatory and analgesic)
60
5
<0.46–14.63
China
(Changzhou)
Jiang et al.
(2019)
5
148
<5.0–4689
Singapore
Tran et al.
(2014b)
43
14
<0.8–1.92
India (Ganges
River Basin)
Sharma et al.
(2019)
3
30
<0.082–0.647
Korea
(Buyeo-gun)
Lee et al. (2019)
Caffeine (stimulant)
100
14
15.5–262
India (Ganges
River Basin)
Sharma et al.
(2019)
100
5
n.a. a –503.76
China
(Changzhou)
Jiang et al.
(2019)
90
30
<0.205–15
Korea
(Buyeo-gun)
Lee et al. (2019)
87
148
<6.0–16,249
Singapore
Tran et al.
(2014b)
58
12
<1.7–109.5
China (12 cities
from northern
China)
Li et al. (2015)
50
14
<1.61–86.7
Japan (Tokyo)
This study
3
10
<0.16–78
Vietnam (Hanoi) Kuroda et al.
(2015)
27
33
ND b –50.9
China
(Dongjiang
River Basin)
Yang et al.
(2018)
27
15
<4.6–56.8
Japan (Tokyo)
Nakada et al.
(2008)
25
4
<10–170
Vietnam (Ho
Chi Minh City)
Duong et al.
(2015)
16
50
<0.82–19
Japan (Tokyo)
Kuroda et al.
(2012)
3
40
<10–2700
Vietnam (Hanoi) Duong et al.
(2015)
Carbamazepine (anticonvulsant)
100
3
0.27–7.05
China
(Shanghai)
Xiang et al.
(2018)
83
14
<0.38–13.3
Japan (Tokyo)
This study
(continued)