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N. Pradhan et al.
c) Long-time line: Natural attenuation is a time-taking process, it may take several
years to clean the site and hence, reuse of that site is prohibited.
d) Breakdown of chemical into hazardous by-product: During the process of natural attenuation like biodegradation, trichloroethene gets converted into vinyl
chloride which is more toxic in nature.
e) Insufficient monitoring: There should be a specific process by which toxic concentration reduces by biological, chemical, or physical processes and this needed
an extensive monitoring to get a unique end product.
Health impacts
The report of possible health effects due to contaminated site plays a major role for
the approval of natural attenuation method by any community. If the report shows
some adverse environmental and health impact, then many communities agree for the
controlled contamination process as quickly as possible. In addition, evaluating the
degree up to which pollutants at the contaminated site affect the nearby population is
very uncertain and complex practice. Some previous investigations shows that there
are many symptoms found for ill health of surrounding population which include
neurological problems, eye and skin burning issues, and cardiac disease. A study
of New York, states that those children whose parents were born at Love canal
(contaminated landfill) faces the problem like skin rashes, hypertension, learning
problems, and delay in growth (Paigen et al. 1987; Bhattacharya 2006). Another study
of Europe shows that a mother who lived near hazardous landfill gives birth to babies
with congenital disorder (Berry and Bove 1997) Some environmental contaminations
are also have been reported like Bhopal gas tragedy in which methyl isocyanate
released into air through carbide plant (Mishra et al. 2009).
15.4 Conceptual Framework of Groundwater
Contaminants as Geochemical Tracers
Implementation of any groundwater remediation technique requires a valid data set
that shows and verifies the source of contamination. The contamination can be derived
from many sources which have a distinct “fingerprint.” In the case of hydraulic fracturing, there can be two types of contamination indirect and direct contaminations.
Direct contaminations are those fluids and gases which are migrating toward groundwater and degrading its water quality. On the other hand, the indirect contaminations
are due to increase in concentration of already present natural species beyond a
threshold value in ground water, for example, migrating fluids via biogeochemical
processes.
Ground water consists of natural fluid and injected fluids. The major ion for both
types of fluid may not identify the sources which are present in ground water. Isotopic
tracers are used for the identification of surface water, subsurface water, groundwater
mixing pattern, and sources of natural gas present in ground water (Harclerode et al.
2016). In recent years, isotopes have been used to address various environmental
N. Pradhan et al.
c) Long-time line: Natural attenuation is a time-taking process, it may take several
years to clean the site and hence, reuse of that site is prohibited.
d) Breakdown of chemical into hazardous by-product: During the process of natural attenuation like biodegradation, trichloroethene gets converted into vinyl
chloride which is more toxic in nature.
e) Insufficient monitoring: There should be a specific process by which toxic concentration reduces by biological, chemical, or physical processes and this needed
an extensive monitoring to get a unique end product.
Health impacts
The report of possible health effects due to contaminated site plays a major role for
the approval of natural attenuation method by any community. If the report shows
some adverse environmental and health impact, then many communities agree for the
controlled contamination process as quickly as possible. In addition, evaluating the
degree up to which pollutants at the contaminated site affect the nearby population is
very uncertain and complex practice. Some previous investigations shows that there
are many symptoms found for ill health of surrounding population which include
neurological problems, eye and skin burning issues, and cardiac disease. A study
of New York, states that those children whose parents were born at Love canal
(contaminated landfill) faces the problem like skin rashes, hypertension, learning
problems, and delay in growth (Paigen et al. 1987; Bhattacharya 2006). Another study
of Europe shows that a mother who lived near hazardous landfill gives birth to babies
with congenital disorder (Berry and Bove 1997) Some environmental contaminations
are also have been reported like Bhopal gas tragedy in which methyl isocyanate
released into air through carbide plant (Mishra et al. 2009).
15.4 Conceptual Framework of Groundwater
Contaminants as Geochemical Tracers
Implementation of any groundwater remediation technique requires a valid data set
that shows and verifies the source of contamination. The contamination can be derived
from many sources which have a distinct “fingerprint.” In the case of hydraulic fracturing, there can be two types of contamination indirect and direct contaminations.
Direct contaminations are those fluids and gases which are migrating toward groundwater and degrading its water quality. On the other hand, the indirect contaminations
are due to increase in concentration of already present natural species beyond a
threshold value in ground water, for example, migrating fluids via biogeochemical
processes.
Ground water consists of natural fluid and injected fluids. The major ion for both
types of fluid may not identify the sources which are present in ground water. Isotopic
tracers are used for the identification of surface water, subsurface water, groundwater
mixing pattern, and sources of natural gas present in ground water (Harclerode et al.
2016). In recent years, isotopes have been used to address various environmental