14 Antibiotic Resistance, Its Health Impacts and Advancements …
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increase its surface area, e.g., clay, were analyzed for antibiotics adsorption (Chen
et al. 2017). Besides these, the environmental factors such as pH, concentration of
adsorbates, temperature, organic substances also play crucial role in the adsorption
of antibiotics in water (Table 14.2).
Subsequent to adsorption, diverse techniques, viz., centrifugation followed by
filtration, micro- and/or nanopore filters, are implemented to segregate the adsorbentadsorbate complex from the media. Among these techniques, centrifugation followed
by filtration is costly due to lofty energy demand. Also, other techniques like paper
filtration separation process take a lot of time and care, while unification of membrane
filtration technique with adsorption is advantageous in several ways. Membrane
technique is sustainable as it provides many naturally occurring substances/wastes
for membrane production, entails little space and less travail to operate. One of the
voguish membranes nowadays is the ceramic membranes which are more resistant to
harsh environment, in contrast to polymeric membranes. They are also relatively more
immune to degeneration by microorganisms and can withstand extreme pressures.
Integrating microfiltration (MF) with membrane technology is commendatory than
that of nano-filtration (NF) and/or ultra-filtration (UF) for it obtains more intense
flux and lesser membrane fouling. Consequently, for the removal of antibiotics from
wastewater, employing membrane technology with sustainable membranes and cost
effective adsorption processes seems propitious.
14.3.2 Cost-Effective Conventional Biological Treatment
In the past few decades, wastewater analysis has attracted the attention toward appearance of these newly detected compounds of anthropogenic origin in the environment.
The main objective of wastewater treatment is normally to permit domestic and
industrial wastewater to let through after attaining permissible limits to avoid any
vandalization of the environment or cause negative impact on human health. The
characteristic of wastewater is the main parameter for the selection, design, suitability and effectiveness of relevant wastewater treatment technologies. The biological
treatment step is designed to remove the organic matter from wastewater, but the
unknowingly addition of antibiotics impart negative impact on treatment plant. The
biodegradation process of each antibiotics is dissimilar feasibly because of their distinct chemical compositions and structures (Li and Zhang 2010; Kumar et al. 2016;
Das et al. 2015; Kumar et al. 2010; Singh et al. 2019, 2020). In biological process, adsorption and biodegradation both take place and mechanism is determined
by the chemical structure of the antibiotics. The disintegration rate also differs on
the basis of the class of antibiotics. The different cellular enzymes are involved in
biodegradation of antibiotics.
Many reports on wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) suggested that such plants
are the ARGs (Neudorf et al. 2017; Guo et al. 2018). In the first place, WWTPs
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increase its surface area, e.g., clay, were analyzed for antibiotics adsorption (Chen
et al. 2017). Besides these, the environmental factors such as pH, concentration of
adsorbates, temperature, organic substances also play crucial role in the adsorption
of antibiotics in water (Table 14.2).
Subsequent to adsorption, diverse techniques, viz., centrifugation followed by
filtration, micro- and/or nanopore filters, are implemented to segregate the adsorbentadsorbate complex from the media. Among these techniques, centrifugation followed
by filtration is costly due to lofty energy demand. Also, other techniques like paper
filtration separation process take a lot of time and care, while unification of membrane
filtration technique with adsorption is advantageous in several ways. Membrane
technique is sustainable as it provides many naturally occurring substances/wastes
for membrane production, entails little space and less travail to operate. One of the
voguish membranes nowadays is the ceramic membranes which are more resistant to
harsh environment, in contrast to polymeric membranes. They are also relatively more
immune to degeneration by microorganisms and can withstand extreme pressures.
Integrating microfiltration (MF) with membrane technology is commendatory than
that of nano-filtration (NF) and/or ultra-filtration (UF) for it obtains more intense
flux and lesser membrane fouling. Consequently, for the removal of antibiotics from
wastewater, employing membrane technology with sustainable membranes and cost
effective adsorption processes seems propitious.
14.3.2 Cost-Effective Conventional Biological Treatment
In the past few decades, wastewater analysis has attracted the attention toward appearance of these newly detected compounds of anthropogenic origin in the environment.
The main objective of wastewater treatment is normally to permit domestic and
industrial wastewater to let through after attaining permissible limits to avoid any
vandalization of the environment or cause negative impact on human health. The
characteristic of wastewater is the main parameter for the selection, design, suitability and effectiveness of relevant wastewater treatment technologies. The biological
treatment step is designed to remove the organic matter from wastewater, but the
unknowingly addition of antibiotics impart negative impact on treatment plant. The
biodegradation process of each antibiotics is dissimilar feasibly because of their distinct chemical compositions and structures (Li and Zhang 2010; Kumar et al. 2016;
Das et al. 2015; Kumar et al. 2010; Singh et al. 2019, 2020). In biological process, adsorption and biodegradation both take place and mechanism is determined
by the chemical structure of the antibiotics. The disintegration rate also differs on
the basis of the class of antibiotics. The different cellular enzymes are involved in
biodegradation of antibiotics.
Many reports on wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) suggested that such plants
are the ARGs (Neudorf et al. 2017; Guo et al. 2018). In the first place, WWTPs