12 Chlorophenols Dechlorination Water Treatment Using …
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Elemental analysis on Ni/Fe bimetallic
surface using ESEM/EDS
Location
Elemental weight (%)
Fe
O
C
Ni
(i)
83.3
12.8
3.9
-
(ii)
84.3
12.2
3.5
-
(iii)
85.0
11.5
3.5
-
(iv)
83.9
11.7
4.2
0.2
Elemental analysis on as
received ZVI surface using
ESEM/EDS
Location
Elemental weight
(%)
Fe
O
C
(i)
94.1
3.3
2.6
2.8
1.9
(ii)
93.3
3.9
(iii)
94.5
3.6
Elemental analysis on acid
washed ZVI surface using
ESEM/EDS
Location
Elemental weight
(%)
Fe
O
C
(i)
85.5
10.8
3.7
3.9
3.5
(ii)
86.3
9.8
(iii)
88.0
9.5
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(a)
(ii)
(i)
(iii)
(b)
Fig. 12.2 Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) images and EDS analysis, a asreceived ZVI, b acid-washed ZVI, c Ni/Fe. The areas marked in red squares were randomly selected
and scanned using the EDS for elemental analysis
The oxides present on the Ni/Fe bimetallic surfaces pre- and post-reaction with
CPs were determined by Raman spectroscopy and MCR-ALS analysis. Typical
Raman patterns of the reference oxide phases considered during the study are shown
in Fig. 12.4. The typical Raman spectra of unmodified ZVI, acid pre-treated ZVI,
unreacted Ni/Fe bimetal, and Ni/Fe bimetal after 25 days reaction with the four CPs
are shown in Fig. 12.5.