262
T. Sahoo et al.
Table 11.1 (continued)
S. No.
Heavy metal
Metal–organic
framework
Method
References
9
Zinc
Cu-terephthalate-MOF Adsorption/ion
exchange
Zou et al. (2013)
10
Iron
Cu-terephthalate-MOF Adsorption/ion
exchange
Zou et al. (2013)
According to Wiesner et al. 2006, it was assumed that due to the smaller size nanoparticles should not be so much mobile because their higher diffusion will cause more
number of contacts with the porous media surface like sand filters or groundwater
aquifers used in water treatment (Auffan et al. 2009). Even though nanotechnology
has positive impact on health due to its application on the purification of water but
also has adverse impact on human health and environment if they remain suspended
in the treated water as reported by Bergamaschi et al. (2006), Elder et al. (2007),
Aschberger et al. (2011), Fratoddi et al. (2015), Sharifi et al. (2012), BystrzejewskaPiotrowska et al. (2009), Baun et al. (2008), Farré et al. (2009) and (Aschberger
et al. 2011). Waste produced during the synthesis and use of these nanoparticles will
cause harmful effects on the environment, and hence, there are chances that human
beings can be affected by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact and absorption in the
digestive tract. Recently, there are no sufficient data available regarding that all the
nanomaterials have a toxic effect on organism or environment or all the nanomaterials
have antimicrobial activity, as reported by (Elder et al. 2007). Hence, more research
and development are needed to find out facts regarding toxicity of nanomaterials. In
Table 11.2, some of the examples of toxicity of nanomaterials are displayed.
11.5 Bioremediation Methods of Water Contaminants
Bioremediation refers to the utilization of microorganisms for degradation or reduction of the quantity of poisonous waste in a contaminated system. The various treatment techniques in this context include clean-up of contaminated system like stream,
sludge, soil and water. Due to the extensive urbanization, industrialization and farming as well as various other activities of human have caused the degradation of land
leading to pollution and decrease in the productivity of the crops. The technique of
bioremediation is an efficient method for treating and recovering the ecosystem in a
greener manner (Divya et al. 2015).
T. Sahoo et al.
Table 11.1 (continued)
S. No.
Heavy metal
Metal–organic
framework
Method
References
9
Zinc
Cu-terephthalate-MOF Adsorption/ion
exchange
Zou et al. (2013)
10
Iron
Cu-terephthalate-MOF Adsorption/ion
exchange
Zou et al. (2013)
According to Wiesner et al. 2006, it was assumed that due to the smaller size nanoparticles should not be so much mobile because their higher diffusion will cause more
number of contacts with the porous media surface like sand filters or groundwater
aquifers used in water treatment (Auffan et al. 2009). Even though nanotechnology
has positive impact on health due to its application on the purification of water but
also has adverse impact on human health and environment if they remain suspended
in the treated water as reported by Bergamaschi et al. (2006), Elder et al. (2007),
Aschberger et al. (2011), Fratoddi et al. (2015), Sharifi et al. (2012), BystrzejewskaPiotrowska et al. (2009), Baun et al. (2008), Farré et al. (2009) and (Aschberger
et al. 2011). Waste produced during the synthesis and use of these nanoparticles will
cause harmful effects on the environment, and hence, there are chances that human
beings can be affected by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact and absorption in the
digestive tract. Recently, there are no sufficient data available regarding that all the
nanomaterials have a toxic effect on organism or environment or all the nanomaterials
have antimicrobial activity, as reported by (Elder et al. 2007). Hence, more research
and development are needed to find out facts regarding toxicity of nanomaterials. In
Table 11.2, some of the examples of toxicity of nanomaterials are displayed.
11.5 Bioremediation Methods of Water Contaminants
Bioremediation refers to the utilization of microorganisms for degradation or reduction of the quantity of poisonous waste in a contaminated system. The various treatment techniques in this context include clean-up of contaminated system like stream,
sludge, soil and water. Due to the extensive urbanization, industrialization and farming as well as various other activities of human have caused the degradation of land
leading to pollution and decrease in the productivity of the crops. The technique of
bioremediation is an efficient method for treating and recovering the ecosystem in a
greener manner (Divya et al. 2015).