11 Nanotechnology: An Efficient Technique of Contaminated …
257
et al. (2011) and Engates and Shipley (2011), Cr reported by Hu et al. (2005) and
Yu et al. (2014), U reported by Crane et al. (2011) with very high selectivity and
capacity (Crane et al. 2011).
11.3.1 Zero-Valent Iron Nanomaterial
In Wang and Zhang (1997) reported that zero-valent iron nanomaterial is firstgeneration nanotechnology for environmental remediation especially for treatment
if groundwater. From the laboratory results, it was reported that zero-valent iron
nanomaterial is efficient in the transformation a wide range of contaminants such
as heavy metal arsenic (trivalent), lead(divalent), copper(divalent), Nickel(divalent),
chromium(hexavalent) as reported by Ponder et al. (2000), Kanel et al. (2006)) and
Li and Zhang (2006), nitrate and perchlorate (inorganic ions) as reported by Choe
et al. (2000) and Cao et al. (2005) and much more. Alternatively, these particles can
also be attached on some supporting solid matrix like zeolite or activated carbon in
order to upgrade its efficiency in its application for wastewater treatment as reported
Zhang (2003). Choe et al. (2000) reported the use of zero-valent iron nanomaterial in
the reduction of nitrate into nitrogen gas (Choe et al. 2000). The data and result discussed above confirm that nano-sized zero-valent material is a promising candidate
for groundwater and industrial effluent remediation.
11.3.2 Iron Oxide Nanomaterial
Selecting a suitable technique and materials for treating and wastewater is a very
crucial job and is achieved by considering many conditions. Some of these factors
are economical, eco-friendly, efficiency and flexibility of the treatment technique;
reusability was reported by Zhang and Fang (2010), Xu et al. (2012) and Oller
et al. (2011). The property of magnetism is extraordinary which assists in purifying
water by affecting the physical characteristics of contaminants present in wastewater.
According to Ambashta and Sillanpää (2010) and Mahdavian and Mirrahimi (2010)
reported that the integration of magnetic separation and adsorption has extensive
application for cleaning environment and treatment of water. The nano-sized-based
iron oxide material is identified as potential candidate wastewater treatment in industrial sector because of their cost-effectiveness, better stability, strong adsorption and
ease of separation as reported as Hu et al. (2005), Carabante et al. (2009) and Fan
et al. (2011). According to White et al. (2009), Girginova et al. (2010) and Girginova et al. (2010) reported that these iron oxide-based nanomaterials are utilized
for the removal of contaminants in both field and laboratory-scale test. Currently,
there are two categories of applying iron oxide nanomaterials for treating wastewater:
one involves the utilization of these materials as a type of immobilizing carrier and
257
et al. (2011) and Engates and Shipley (2011), Cr reported by Hu et al. (2005) and
Yu et al. (2014), U reported by Crane et al. (2011) with very high selectivity and
capacity (Crane et al. 2011).
11.3.1 Zero-Valent Iron Nanomaterial
In Wang and Zhang (1997) reported that zero-valent iron nanomaterial is firstgeneration nanotechnology for environmental remediation especially for treatment
if groundwater. From the laboratory results, it was reported that zero-valent iron
nanomaterial is efficient in the transformation a wide range of contaminants such
as heavy metal arsenic (trivalent), lead(divalent), copper(divalent), Nickel(divalent),
chromium(hexavalent) as reported by Ponder et al. (2000), Kanel et al. (2006)) and
Li and Zhang (2006), nitrate and perchlorate (inorganic ions) as reported by Choe
et al. (2000) and Cao et al. (2005) and much more. Alternatively, these particles can
also be attached on some supporting solid matrix like zeolite or activated carbon in
order to upgrade its efficiency in its application for wastewater treatment as reported
Zhang (2003). Choe et al. (2000) reported the use of zero-valent iron nanomaterial in
the reduction of nitrate into nitrogen gas (Choe et al. 2000). The data and result discussed above confirm that nano-sized zero-valent material is a promising candidate
for groundwater and industrial effluent remediation.
11.3.2 Iron Oxide Nanomaterial
Selecting a suitable technique and materials for treating and wastewater is a very
crucial job and is achieved by considering many conditions. Some of these factors
are economical, eco-friendly, efficiency and flexibility of the treatment technique;
reusability was reported by Zhang and Fang (2010), Xu et al. (2012) and Oller
et al. (2011). The property of magnetism is extraordinary which assists in purifying
water by affecting the physical characteristics of contaminants present in wastewater.
According to Ambashta and Sillanpää (2010) and Mahdavian and Mirrahimi (2010)
reported that the integration of magnetic separation and adsorption has extensive
application for cleaning environment and treatment of water. The nano-sized-based
iron oxide material is identified as potential candidate wastewater treatment in industrial sector because of their cost-effectiveness, better stability, strong adsorption and
ease of separation as reported as Hu et al. (2005), Carabante et al. (2009) and Fan
et al. (2011). According to White et al. (2009), Girginova et al. (2010) and Girginova et al. (2010) reported that these iron oxide-based nanomaterials are utilized
for the removal of contaminants in both field and laboratory-scale test. Currently,
there are two categories of applying iron oxide nanomaterials for treating wastewater:
one involves the utilization of these materials as a type of immobilizing carrier and