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T. Sahoo et al.
graphene-based nanomaterials. Graphene oxide along with its composites also displayed the promising capacity of dye removal and for ionic dyes generally depends on
covalent bonding and electrostatic interaction. Graphene oxide demonstrated better
adsorption efficiency for cationic dyes in comparison with anionic dyes because of
strong electrostatic repulsion. But graphene and their corresponding composites are
reported by Luo et al. (2012) to be displaying better adsorption of anionic dyes due
to their covalent bonding and ion exchange property. By the process of hybridization and modification of the surface, the efficiency of reusability, separation, and
removal of graphene nanomaterials can be enhanced, thereby making it a better and
significant candidate for application for the decontamination of polluted water. But,
few challenges which stand as hurdle in their way are their high cost, safety and
reusability.
11.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
The carbon nanotubes display antimicrobial property, and this is exhibited by
two pathways: physical and chemical (Lelimousin and Sansom 2013). In physical method, inhibition of the passage of microbes occurs by using filters, and in
chemical method, its activity is performed via reaction with pathogenic substances
(Upadhyayula et al. 2009). From the literature survey, it is reported that carbon
nanotubes are capable of destroying cells of bacteria through interacting with them
physically or by incurring stress by oxidation which results in the degradation of the
cell (Kotchey et al. 2012). The chemical pathway of carbon nanotube antimicrobial
action requires the contact of targeted pathogenic substances and carbon nanotubes.
But, the chemical way of application is limited due to the issue of obtaining uniform dispersion and stable carbon nanotube in water. The physical approach is quite
effective and efficient for microbe filtration like virus and bacteria. Single-walled
carbon nanotubes are identified to be effective in filtering almost all the pathogenic
substances. Their dimension ranges from two to five nanometres which is very small
(Manshian et al. 2013).
11.3 Metal and Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials
Metal and metal oxide nanomaterials recently gained attraction due to their efficient
performance in economical removal of contaminants. In Hua et al. (2012) reported
that examples of metal and metal oxide are cerium oxides, magnesium oxides,
titanium oxides, manganese oxides, aluminium oxides, ferric oxides, nano-sized
zero-valent iron, etc.
From the literature survey, it is reported that these metal and metal oxide-based
nanomaterials displayed significant performance in the sorption process of number
of metallic contaminants like reported by Kanel et al. (2006), Cd reported by Boparai
T. Sahoo et al.
graphene-based nanomaterials. Graphene oxide along with its composites also displayed the promising capacity of dye removal and for ionic dyes generally depends on
covalent bonding and electrostatic interaction. Graphene oxide demonstrated better
adsorption efficiency for cationic dyes in comparison with anionic dyes because of
strong electrostatic repulsion. But graphene and their corresponding composites are
reported by Luo et al. (2012) to be displaying better adsorption of anionic dyes due
to their covalent bonding and ion exchange property. By the process of hybridization and modification of the surface, the efficiency of reusability, separation, and
removal of graphene nanomaterials can be enhanced, thereby making it a better and
significant candidate for application for the decontamination of polluted water. But,
few challenges which stand as hurdle in their way are their high cost, safety and
reusability.
11.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
The carbon nanotubes display antimicrobial property, and this is exhibited by
two pathways: physical and chemical (Lelimousin and Sansom 2013). In physical method, inhibition of the passage of microbes occurs by using filters, and in
chemical method, its activity is performed via reaction with pathogenic substances
(Upadhyayula et al. 2009). From the literature survey, it is reported that carbon
nanotubes are capable of destroying cells of bacteria through interacting with them
physically or by incurring stress by oxidation which results in the degradation of the
cell (Kotchey et al. 2012). The chemical pathway of carbon nanotube antimicrobial
action requires the contact of targeted pathogenic substances and carbon nanotubes.
But, the chemical way of application is limited due to the issue of obtaining uniform dispersion and stable carbon nanotube in water. The physical approach is quite
effective and efficient for microbe filtration like virus and bacteria. Single-walled
carbon nanotubes are identified to be effective in filtering almost all the pathogenic
substances. Their dimension ranges from two to five nanometres which is very small
(Manshian et al. 2013).
11.3 Metal and Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials
Metal and metal oxide nanomaterials recently gained attraction due to their efficient
performance in economical removal of contaminants. In Hua et al. (2012) reported
that examples of metal and metal oxide are cerium oxides, magnesium oxides,
titanium oxides, manganese oxides, aluminium oxides, ferric oxides, nano-sized
zero-valent iron, etc.
From the literature survey, it is reported that these metal and metal oxide-based
nanomaterials displayed significant performance in the sorption process of number
of metallic contaminants like reported by Kanel et al. (2006), Cd reported by Boparai