186
A. K. Thakur and M. Kumar
Table 8.1 (continued)
Contaminants
Health effects
References
Carcinogenic organs affected/symptoms
Nitrate
Bladder, brain,
colorectal, kidney,
ovary thyroid
Type 1 childhood
diabetes, high blood
pressures, respiratory
tract infections
Ward et al. (2005,
2007, 2010)
Zinc
Prostate cancer
Nausea and loss of
appetite, diarrhea
Institute of
medicine,
nutrition and food
board (2001)
Table 8.2 Major heavy metals and their increased production in anthropogenic age
Metal
Earlier demand 1975
(Tg)
Present demand 1975
(Tg)
Major area where
metal is used
Iron (Fe)
350
800
Construction
Manganese (Mn) 3
8
Iron and steel
Aluminum (Al)
4
18
Transportation
Zinc (Zn)
2.5
6.5
Galvanizing
Lead (Pb)
2
5
Batteries
Copper (Cu)
2
5.5
Infrastructure
Nickel (Ni)
0.25
0.55
Industrial, machinery
Acid mine drainage is another problem associated with groundwater contamination. It generally occurs in the mining areas (Nordstrom et al. 2000). Whenever there
is an entry of oxygen or water into sulfur-containing minerals or rocks, it gets transformed to sulfate solutions which in turn contaminates the groundwater and aquifers
(kcil and Koldas 2006). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are also gaining interest
as more dreadful contaminants, as their production has been exponentially in the last
two decades (Geller et al. 2000). The contaminants like tri-chloro ethylene (TCE),
etc., are carcinogenic and pose a bigger threat when leached into the aquifers near the
industrial sites (Chiu et al. 2013). The urban waters already suffering with the issues
of metals and VOCs have also been started contaminating with emerging contaminants like PPCPs (Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products), ARBs (Antibiotic
Resistance Bacteria), and ARGs (Antibiotic Resistance Gene) (Kumar et al. 2019).
A. K. Thakur and M. Kumar
Table 8.1 (continued)
Contaminants
Health effects
References
Carcinogenic organs affected/symptoms
Nitrate
Bladder, brain,
colorectal, kidney,
ovary thyroid
Type 1 childhood
diabetes, high blood
pressures, respiratory
tract infections
Ward et al. (2005,
2007, 2010)
Zinc
Prostate cancer
Nausea and loss of
appetite, diarrhea
Institute of
medicine,
nutrition and food
board (2001)
Table 8.2 Major heavy metals and their increased production in anthropogenic age
Metal
Earlier demand 1975
(Tg)
Present demand 1975
(Tg)
Major area where
metal is used
Iron (Fe)
350
800
Construction
Manganese (Mn) 3
8
Iron and steel
Aluminum (Al)
4
18
Transportation
Zinc (Zn)
2.5
6.5
Galvanizing
Lead (Pb)
2
5
Batteries
Copper (Cu)
2
5.5
Infrastructure
Nickel (Ni)
0.25
0.55
Industrial, machinery
Acid mine drainage is another problem associated with groundwater contamination. It generally occurs in the mining areas (Nordstrom et al. 2000). Whenever there
is an entry of oxygen or water into sulfur-containing minerals or rocks, it gets transformed to sulfate solutions which in turn contaminates the groundwater and aquifers
(kcil and Koldas 2006). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are also gaining interest
as more dreadful contaminants, as their production has been exponentially in the last
two decades (Geller et al. 2000). The contaminants like tri-chloro ethylene (TCE),
etc., are carcinogenic and pose a bigger threat when leached into the aquifers near the
industrial sites (Chiu et al. 2013). The urban waters already suffering with the issues
of metals and VOCs have also been started contaminating with emerging contaminants like PPCPs (Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products), ARBs (Antibiotic
Resistance Bacteria), and ARGs (Antibiotic Resistance Gene) (Kumar et al. 2019).