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T. Sahoo et al.
7.8 Surfactants
Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorinatedsulphonates, etc., are applied since decades
in cookware coatings, packaging, surfactants, paints, etc. According to Ahrens and
team in the year 2009 and Poynton and Vulpe, in the year 2009 (Ahrens et al. 2009;
Poynton and Vulpe 2009), it was reported that this substance occurs in sewage treatment effluents, groundwater and persistently remains in the surrounding. According
to Montgomery—Brown and Reinhard in the year 2003 reported that the degradation
product of alkyl phenol, ethoxylate and corresponding metabolites remains dispersed
in aquatic surrounding (Montgomery-Brown and Reinhard 2003).
7.9 Food Additives and Artificial Sweeteners
In 2009, Buerge and team reported the occurrence of sweeteners like sucralose, saccharin and acesulfame, etc., in domestic wastewater through human excreta (Buerge
et al. 2009). Scheurer and team, in the year 2008, reported detection of parabens
(food preservative) in the groundwater (Scheurer et al. 2009). Few other lists of food
additives are terpineol, triacetin, eucalyptol, hexanoic acid, etc. Out of these, some
are endocrine disruptors or oxidants (Thomaidis et al. 2012). Nowadays, artificial
sweeteners are preferred over normal sugar due to their low-calorie content, and as
they do not have response to insulin, it can be consumed also by people suffering
from diabetes. These substances remain immune to fermentation caused by microbes
which cause dental plaques. The chemicals like sucralose, aspartame, cyclamate, etc.,
are omnipresent in the surface water. In the year 2009, Loos and his team reported
that ninety eight per cent of consumed sucralose by human beings gets released in
the same form with long half-life and remains dispersed in the aquatic environment
(Loos 2009).
7.10 Carcinogenic Contaminants
7.10.1 Asbestos
Asbestos is defined as the hydrated silicate minerals occurring in nature and possess
fibrous structure and used commercially (Polissar et al. 1984; Howe et al. 1989). The
fibres of asbestos occur in water bodies due to the process of weathering, mining,
run-off from asbestos cement pipes (Toft et al. 1984). In water, these substances
get altered after undergoing various physiochemical modifications, and the cancer
caused to human depends on concentration as well as the crystal structure, shape
and size of the fibres of the asbestos (Mossman et al. 1983). It is a matter of concern
that the asbestos present in the drinking water is capable of inducing harmful effect
T. Sahoo et al.
7.8 Surfactants
Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorinatedsulphonates, etc., are applied since decades
in cookware coatings, packaging, surfactants, paints, etc. According to Ahrens and
team in the year 2009 and Poynton and Vulpe, in the year 2009 (Ahrens et al. 2009;
Poynton and Vulpe 2009), it was reported that this substance occurs in sewage treatment effluents, groundwater and persistently remains in the surrounding. According
to Montgomery—Brown and Reinhard in the year 2003 reported that the degradation
product of alkyl phenol, ethoxylate and corresponding metabolites remains dispersed
in aquatic surrounding (Montgomery-Brown and Reinhard 2003).
7.9 Food Additives and Artificial Sweeteners
In 2009, Buerge and team reported the occurrence of sweeteners like sucralose, saccharin and acesulfame, etc., in domestic wastewater through human excreta (Buerge
et al. 2009). Scheurer and team, in the year 2008, reported detection of parabens
(food preservative) in the groundwater (Scheurer et al. 2009). Few other lists of food
additives are terpineol, triacetin, eucalyptol, hexanoic acid, etc. Out of these, some
are endocrine disruptors or oxidants (Thomaidis et al. 2012). Nowadays, artificial
sweeteners are preferred over normal sugar due to their low-calorie content, and as
they do not have response to insulin, it can be consumed also by people suffering
from diabetes. These substances remain immune to fermentation caused by microbes
which cause dental plaques. The chemicals like sucralose, aspartame, cyclamate, etc.,
are omnipresent in the surface water. In the year 2009, Loos and his team reported
that ninety eight per cent of consumed sucralose by human beings gets released in
the same form with long half-life and remains dispersed in the aquatic environment
(Loos 2009).
7.10 Carcinogenic Contaminants
7.10.1 Asbestos
Asbestos is defined as the hydrated silicate minerals occurring in nature and possess
fibrous structure and used commercially (Polissar et al. 1984; Howe et al. 1989). The
fibres of asbestos occur in water bodies due to the process of weathering, mining,
run-off from asbestos cement pipes (Toft et al. 1984). In water, these substances
get altered after undergoing various physiochemical modifications, and the cancer
caused to human depends on concentration as well as the crystal structure, shape
and size of the fibres of the asbestos (Mossman et al. 1983). It is a matter of concern
that the asbestos present in the drinking water is capable of inducing harmful effect