7 Carcinogenic Nature of Emerging Contaminants: Havoc for Present …
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7.5 Perfluorochemicals
These are defined as the class of anthropogenic chemicals which are used to prepare
products that bear resistance to water, grease, stains, oil and heat. These chemicals remain suspended persistently in the ecosystem. Perfluorochemicals are unique
compounds which comprise lipophobic and as well as hydrophobic nature, and they
also consist of carbon–fluorine bond which is one of the strongest bonds known
(Thomaidis et al. 2012). According to Clarke and smith in the year 2011 and Martin
and team in the year 2010 reported that toxic impact of exposure to these chemicals
on human health and environment is not known but expected to cause endocrine
disruption (Clarke and Smith 2011; Martin et al. 2010). The degradation of perfluorochemicals is obstructed due to their chemical structures. The common class
of perfluorochemicals is perfluorooctanesulphonate and perfluoroalkylsulphonates
which are detected and measured in the environment.
7.6 Pesticides
In the year 2012, Stuart and team reported that evaluation of the pesticides has been
done by numerous research agencies and regulatory organizations (Stuart et al. 2012).
The metabolites of the pesticides are reported by Lapworth and team in the year 2012
for their high degree of toxic effect in the groundwater (Lapworth et al. 2012). As a
result of this, pesticides have been included in the category of the emerging contaminants. Some of the metabolites are captan, acephate, clethodum, acetochloroxanilic
acid, etc. (Naidu et al. 2016).
7.7 Plasticizers
It consists of naphthalene sulphonates, ortho-phthalic acid and numerous different
substances which are combined to materials like gypsum, clays, concrete, plastic,
etc., in order to enhance the rheological characteristics and plasticity. The harmful
feature of the plasticizers includes endocrine disruptors. For example, BPA, a part of
polycarbonate plastics, has diversified uses such as paper coatings, lenses, adhesives
and food containers as reported by Vandenberg and team in the year 2007 and Bang
and team in the year 2012 (Bang et al. 2012; Vandenberg et al. 2007). It is the highest
among the chemicals produced in the world as reported by Dow in the year 2012
(Pal et al. 2014). BPA leach into the water cycle via various media like in plastic
production plants, at the time of degradation of plastics naturally, discharges from
wastewater effluents, etc.
163
7.5 Perfluorochemicals
These are defined as the class of anthropogenic chemicals which are used to prepare
products that bear resistance to water, grease, stains, oil and heat. These chemicals remain suspended persistently in the ecosystem. Perfluorochemicals are unique
compounds which comprise lipophobic and as well as hydrophobic nature, and they
also consist of carbon–fluorine bond which is one of the strongest bonds known
(Thomaidis et al. 2012). According to Clarke and smith in the year 2011 and Martin
and team in the year 2010 reported that toxic impact of exposure to these chemicals
on human health and environment is not known but expected to cause endocrine
disruption (Clarke and Smith 2011; Martin et al. 2010). The degradation of perfluorochemicals is obstructed due to their chemical structures. The common class
of perfluorochemicals is perfluorooctanesulphonate and perfluoroalkylsulphonates
which are detected and measured in the environment.
7.6 Pesticides
In the year 2012, Stuart and team reported that evaluation of the pesticides has been
done by numerous research agencies and regulatory organizations (Stuart et al. 2012).
The metabolites of the pesticides are reported by Lapworth and team in the year 2012
for their high degree of toxic effect in the groundwater (Lapworth et al. 2012). As a
result of this, pesticides have been included in the category of the emerging contaminants. Some of the metabolites are captan, acephate, clethodum, acetochloroxanilic
acid, etc. (Naidu et al. 2016).
7.7 Plasticizers
It consists of naphthalene sulphonates, ortho-phthalic acid and numerous different
substances which are combined to materials like gypsum, clays, concrete, plastic,
etc., in order to enhance the rheological characteristics and plasticity. The harmful
feature of the plasticizers includes endocrine disruptors. For example, BPA, a part of
polycarbonate plastics, has diversified uses such as paper coatings, lenses, adhesives
and food containers as reported by Vandenberg and team in the year 2007 and Bang
and team in the year 2012 (Bang et al. 2012; Vandenberg et al. 2007). It is the highest
among the chemicals produced in the world as reported by Dow in the year 2012
(Pal et al. 2014). BPA leach into the water cycle via various media like in plastic
production plants, at the time of degradation of plastics naturally, discharges from
wastewater effluents, etc.