pathogens and fluorides, from water and wastewater with high efficiency in most of
the cases. Within metal oxides, iron oxides have found the most utilization owing to
their magnetic nature that invariably leads to complete separation of the pollutantloaded adsorbent/catalyst from the aqueous medium with the help of an external
magnetic field. A huge progress has taken place in this field over the years; therefore,
the most important objective of the future is to see facile scaling up and widescale
commercialization and utilization of these metal oxide-based decontaminants in real
life water and wastewater treatment. In this respect, the most important materials are
likely to be based on iron oxides and titanium dioxide, with support from graphene
and carbon-based nanomaterials (including conjugated polymers).
References
Acelas NY, Martin BD, López D, Jefferson B (2015) Selective removal of phosphate from
wastewater using hydrated metal oxides dispersed within anionic exchange media.
Chemosphere 119:1353–1360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.024
Ahammed MM, Davra K (2011) Performance evaluation of biosand filter modified with iron oxidecoated sand for household treatment of drinking water. Desalination 276:287–293. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.065
Ahammed MM, Meera V (2010) Metal oxide/hydroxide-coated dual-media filter for simultaneous
removal of bacteria and heavy metals from natural waters. J Hazard Mater 181:788–793. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.082
Ali I (2012) New generation adsorbents for water treatment. Chem Rev 112:5073–5091. https://doi.
org/10.1021/cr300133d
Bradley I, Straub A, Maraccini P, Markazi S, Nguyen TH (2011) Iron oxide amended biosand filters
for virus removal. Water Res 45:4501–4510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.045
Brown J, Sobsey MD (2009) Ceramic media amended with metal oxide for the capture of viruses in
drinking water. Environ Technol 30:379–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330902753461
Cao C-Y, Qu J, Wei F, Liu H, Song W-G (2012) Superb adsorption capacity and mechanism of
flowerlike magnesium oxide nanostructures for lead and cadmium ions. ACS Appl Mater
Interfaces 4:4283–4287. https://doi.org/10.1021/am300972z
Chan SHS, Wu TY, Juan JC, Teh CY (2011) Recent developments of metal oxide semiconductors
as photocatalysts in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for treatment of dye waste-water. J
Chem Technol Biotechnol 86:1130–1158. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2636
Chandra V, Park J, Chun Y, Lee JW, Hwang I-C, Kim KS (2010) Water-dispersible magnetitereduced graphene oxide composites for arsenic removal. ACS Nano 4:3979–3986. https://doi.
org/10.1021/nn1008897
Chen H, He J (2008) Facile synthesis of monodisperse manganese oxide nanostructures and their
application in water treatment. J Phys Chem C 112:17540–17545. https://doi.org/10.1021/
jp806160g
Cui L, Wang Y, Gao L, Hu L, Yan L, Wei Q, Du B (2015) EDTA functionalized magnetic graphene
oxide for removal of Pb(II), Hg(II) and Cu(II) in water treatment: adsorption mechanism and
separation property. Chem Eng J 281:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.06.043
Delaney P, McManamon C, Hanrahan JP, Copley MP, Holmes JD, Morris MA (2011) Development of chemically engineered porous metal oxides for phosphate removal. J Hazard Mater
185:382–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.128
Devi RR, Umlong IM, Raul PK, Das B, Banerjee S, Singh L (2014) Defluoridation of water using
nano-magnesium oxide. J Exp Nanosci 9:512–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/17458080.2012.
675522
22
K. Dutta
the cases. Within metal oxides, iron oxides have found the most utilization owing to
their magnetic nature that invariably leads to complete separation of the pollutantloaded adsorbent/catalyst from the aqueous medium with the help of an external
magnetic field. A huge progress has taken place in this field over the years; therefore,
the most important objective of the future is to see facile scaling up and widescale
commercialization and utilization of these metal oxide-based decontaminants in real
life water and wastewater treatment. In this respect, the most important materials are
likely to be based on iron oxides and titanium dioxide, with support from graphene
and carbon-based nanomaterials (including conjugated polymers).
References
Acelas NY, Martin BD, López D, Jefferson B (2015) Selective removal of phosphate from
wastewater using hydrated metal oxides dispersed within anionic exchange media.
Chemosphere 119:1353–1360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.024
Ahammed MM, Davra K (2011) Performance evaluation of biosand filter modified with iron oxidecoated sand for household treatment of drinking water. Desalination 276:287–293. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.065
Ahammed MM, Meera V (2010) Metal oxide/hydroxide-coated dual-media filter for simultaneous
removal of bacteria and heavy metals from natural waters. J Hazard Mater 181:788–793. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.082
Ali I (2012) New generation adsorbents for water treatment. Chem Rev 112:5073–5091. https://doi.
org/10.1021/cr300133d
Bradley I, Straub A, Maraccini P, Markazi S, Nguyen TH (2011) Iron oxide amended biosand filters
for virus removal. Water Res 45:4501–4510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.045
Brown J, Sobsey MD (2009) Ceramic media amended with metal oxide for the capture of viruses in
drinking water. Environ Technol 30:379–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330902753461
Cao C-Y, Qu J, Wei F, Liu H, Song W-G (2012) Superb adsorption capacity and mechanism of
flowerlike magnesium oxide nanostructures for lead and cadmium ions. ACS Appl Mater
Interfaces 4:4283–4287. https://doi.org/10.1021/am300972z
Chan SHS, Wu TY, Juan JC, Teh CY (2011) Recent developments of metal oxide semiconductors
as photocatalysts in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for treatment of dye waste-water. J
Chem Technol Biotechnol 86:1130–1158. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2636
Chandra V, Park J, Chun Y, Lee JW, Hwang I-C, Kim KS (2010) Water-dispersible magnetitereduced graphene oxide composites for arsenic removal. ACS Nano 4:3979–3986. https://doi.
org/10.1021/nn1008897
Chen H, He J (2008) Facile synthesis of monodisperse manganese oxide nanostructures and their
application in water treatment. J Phys Chem C 112:17540–17545. https://doi.org/10.1021/
jp806160g
Cui L, Wang Y, Gao L, Hu L, Yan L, Wei Q, Du B (2015) EDTA functionalized magnetic graphene
oxide for removal of Pb(II), Hg(II) and Cu(II) in water treatment: adsorption mechanism and
separation property. Chem Eng J 281:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.06.043
Delaney P, McManamon C, Hanrahan JP, Copley MP, Holmes JD, Morris MA (2011) Development of chemically engineered porous metal oxides for phosphate removal. J Hazard Mater
185:382–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.128
Devi RR, Umlong IM, Raul PK, Das B, Banerjee S, Singh L (2014) Defluoridation of water using
nano-magnesium oxide. J Exp Nanosci 9:512–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/17458080.2012.
675522
22
K. Dutta