Fig. 10.5 (a) Hydrothermal preparation of MOF materials (Qamar et al. 2016), (b) microwaveassisted solvothermal synthesis of MOF materials (Lin et al. 2012; Song et al. 2006), (c) mechanochemical preparation of MOF materials (Langmi et al. 2013) and (d) schematic representation for
the synthesis of (i) MOFs (ZIF-8) (ii) ZIF-67 crystals and NC@GC, and core-shell ZIF-8@ZIF-67
crystals and (iii) NC@GC via a conventional solvothermal method. (Wang and Hu 2018)