Mycoremediation process was achieved in laboratory scale by liquid culture technique (Eilers et al. 1999), by their enzymes (Van Aken et al. 1999) and few studies
on soil environment (Spiker et al. 1992; Fritsche and Hofrichter 2000).
9.4 Conclusions and Future Prospect
Mycoremediation is natural restoration processes that detoxify or removes contaminants in the soil and other environments. Naturally, fungi are cosmopolitans, high
stress-tolerant and have high enzyme capacity to degrade the organic/inorganic
pollutants in soil and water ecosystem. Several fungi have been successfully identified, which can grow in heavy metal contaminated soils and accumulate or detoxify
the heavy metals. The use of the microbial approach for substantial metal tolerance
and remediation is an eco-friendly and economical approach. The chapter discusses
the types of fungi involved in the mycoremediation and about their metabolites. Both
fungal enzymes and their metabolites are involved in the remediation process, and
they utilized the pollutant as a carbon source. The fungal enzymes like lignocellulose, laccases, lignin, Mn-peroxidases and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are
involved in the mycoremediation. Most of the research findings revealed that the
fungi had a high capacity to remove the heavy metals from polluted soil. Which
evidence numbers of fungi were isolated, filamentous and non-filamentous fungi
were isolated from contaminated soils. Fungi can uptake, incorporated and assimilated the heavy metals, and fungi tolerate the heavy metal toxicity. Mushroom other
fungi were involved in plastic degradation and the assimilation process. From a
future perspective, identifying fungi from the contaminated site and identifying the
substrate specified enzymes and their coding genes and metabolites produced during
the remediation process. To identification of the specific fungal gene, regulations
may use to identify the fungal diversity. Furthermore, identification of pollutant/
stress-tolerant fungi from contaminated soil and their participation towards
mycoremediation and addition efficient biomarkers identification are warranted.
Acknowledgments First and second authors thank National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal
Science, (Project No. PJ01419605), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
References
Acosta-Rodriguez I, Cardenas-Gonzalez JF, Martinez-Juarez VM, Rodriguez Perez A, MoctezumaZarate MG, Pacheco-Castillo NC (2018) Biosorption of heavy metals by Candida albicans.
Advances in bioremediation and phytoremediation. In: Shiomi N, (ed) INTECH. doi:https://doi.
org/10.5772/intechopen.72454
Aishwarya S, Venkateswarulu N, Vasudeva RN, Vijaya T (2016) Screening and identification of
heavy metal-tolerant endophytic Fungi Lasiodiplodia theobromae from Boswellia ovalifoliolata
9 Mycoremediation: An Elimination of Metal and Non-metal Inclusions from. . .
253
on soil environment (Spiker et al. 1992; Fritsche and Hofrichter 2000).
9.4 Conclusions and Future Prospect
Mycoremediation is natural restoration processes that detoxify or removes contaminants in the soil and other environments. Naturally, fungi are cosmopolitans, high
stress-tolerant and have high enzyme capacity to degrade the organic/inorganic
pollutants in soil and water ecosystem. Several fungi have been successfully identified, which can grow in heavy metal contaminated soils and accumulate or detoxify
the heavy metals. The use of the microbial approach for substantial metal tolerance
and remediation is an eco-friendly and economical approach. The chapter discusses
the types of fungi involved in the mycoremediation and about their metabolites. Both
fungal enzymes and their metabolites are involved in the remediation process, and
they utilized the pollutant as a carbon source. The fungal enzymes like lignocellulose, laccases, lignin, Mn-peroxidases and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are
involved in the mycoremediation. Most of the research findings revealed that the
fungi had a high capacity to remove the heavy metals from polluted soil. Which
evidence numbers of fungi were isolated, filamentous and non-filamentous fungi
were isolated from contaminated soils. Fungi can uptake, incorporated and assimilated the heavy metals, and fungi tolerate the heavy metal toxicity. Mushroom other
fungi were involved in plastic degradation and the assimilation process. From a
future perspective, identifying fungi from the contaminated site and identifying the
substrate specified enzymes and their coding genes and metabolites produced during
the remediation process. To identification of the specific fungal gene, regulations
may use to identify the fungal diversity. Furthermore, identification of pollutant/
stress-tolerant fungi from contaminated soil and their participation towards
mycoremediation and addition efficient biomarkers identification are warranted.
Acknowledgments First and second authors thank National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal
Science, (Project No. PJ01419605), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
References
Acosta-Rodriguez I, Cardenas-Gonzalez JF, Martinez-Juarez VM, Rodriguez Perez A, MoctezumaZarate MG, Pacheco-Castillo NC (2018) Biosorption of heavy metals by Candida albicans.
Advances in bioremediation and phytoremediation. In: Shiomi N, (ed) INTECH. doi:https://doi.
org/10.5772/intechopen.72454
Aishwarya S, Venkateswarulu N, Vasudeva RN, Vijaya T (2016) Screening and identification of
heavy metal-tolerant endophytic Fungi Lasiodiplodia theobromae from Boswellia ovalifoliolata
9 Mycoremediation: An Elimination of Metal and Non-metal Inclusions from. . .
253