the methylated, forms cause biomethylation and are potential health hazards in
humans, animals and other higher living organisms as they enter the food chain
(Mateos et al. 2006; Adeniji 2004). Excess exposure to arsenic even at a low
concentration could create acute health issues including skin itching, skin discoloration, hyperkeratosis, skin thickening leading to skin cancer, fever, anorexia,
melanosis, weight loss, appetite loss, gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. nausea,
anorexia, stomach irritation, abdominal pain, enlarged liver and spleen), anaemia,
weakness, lethargy, granulocyopenia cardiac arrhythmia, and cardiovascular failure
(Mohapatra et al. 2017a; Taran et al. 2013; Cavalca et al. 2013; Dey et al. 2016).
Long-term arsenic exposure could cause chronic respiratory disorders, lungs irritation, immune-suppression, arsenicosis, sensory loss, changes in skin epithelium,
ultimately leading to cancer due to DNA damage (Mohapatra et al. 2017a; Adeniji
2004). High arsenic intake could cause infertility, fatal health issues, miscarriages in
women, type-II diabetes, brain damage, cardiovascular problems including hypertension, coronary artery diseases, peripheral vascular disease and atherosclerosis
(Mohapatra et al. 2017a). As
III could also cease protein functions by binding to the
sulfhydryl groups of cysteine residues (Cavalca et al. 2013).
8.4 Soil Reclamation Strategies
The various remediation measure for heavy metal contamination are functional now
days (Fig. 8.2). The measures for removal of arsenic from the contaminated environment should follow several minimal technical standards that consists
Fig. 8.1 Schematic representation of Biogeochemical cycle of arsenic in the atmosphere
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P. K. Parhi et al.
humans, animals and other higher living organisms as they enter the food chain
(Mateos et al. 2006; Adeniji 2004). Excess exposure to arsenic even at a low
concentration could create acute health issues including skin itching, skin discoloration, hyperkeratosis, skin thickening leading to skin cancer, fever, anorexia,
melanosis, weight loss, appetite loss, gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. nausea,
anorexia, stomach irritation, abdominal pain, enlarged liver and spleen), anaemia,
weakness, lethargy, granulocyopenia cardiac arrhythmia, and cardiovascular failure
(Mohapatra et al. 2017a; Taran et al. 2013; Cavalca et al. 2013; Dey et al. 2016).
Long-term arsenic exposure could cause chronic respiratory disorders, lungs irritation, immune-suppression, arsenicosis, sensory loss, changes in skin epithelium,
ultimately leading to cancer due to DNA damage (Mohapatra et al. 2017a; Adeniji
2004). High arsenic intake could cause infertility, fatal health issues, miscarriages in
women, type-II diabetes, brain damage, cardiovascular problems including hypertension, coronary artery diseases, peripheral vascular disease and atherosclerosis
(Mohapatra et al. 2017a). As
III could also cease protein functions by binding to the
sulfhydryl groups of cysteine residues (Cavalca et al. 2013).
8.4 Soil Reclamation Strategies
The various remediation measure for heavy metal contamination are functional now
days (Fig. 8.2). The measures for removal of arsenic from the contaminated environment should follow several minimal technical standards that consists
Fig. 8.1 Schematic representation of Biogeochemical cycle of arsenic in the atmosphere
222
P. K. Parhi et al.