challenges for water remediation technologies. An open consideration is minimizing
the use of materials which individual elements earth abundance is very low. Therefore, we should start with earth abundant materials and tune it to the best performance. The abundance of materials seriously analyzed and should be integrated
during the material design and engineering. The earth abundant materials are
cheaper, less prone to supply fluctuation and industrially more feasible. There
have been recent discussions on only use the new and carbon-based materials for
the photocatalysis but in different context (Arvidsson and Sandén 2017; Chirik and
Morris 2015; Johnson et al. 2007; Sunada and Nagashima 2017). There are no
present studies concerning in terms of materials abundance in environmental radiation technologies for high volume commercial application.
Photocatalyst based environmental remediation is perceived as next generation
water remediation technology. To realize full potential, we discussed drivers and
barriers for commercialization of environmental remediation technology. We
emphasized that sustainable commercialization requires the use of non-precious
metals or earth abundant materials. The materials abundance is grand challenge it
should be solved make the photocatalyst technology commercially viable. As long
as use of scarce metals for environmental remediation problem of sustainable
solution will arise. we believe the present work informs the researchers and industry
the importance of earth abundance based materials design. By taking longer time
perspective, this work discourages the use of scarce materials for the future materials
design for any application. By choosing earth abundant materials based design, the
scope, selectivity, performance, stability, reactivity characteristics and electron flow
of reactions of photocatalyst can be improved and hence the overall competency of
the catalyst among the existing one. The present work focuses the representative
synthetic methods that could potentially address the material abundance issues. We
suggested four possible solutions for current precious materials based research
namely recycling, use of earth abundant materials as photocatalyst, increasing
efficiency of the catalyst and develop two or more state-of-art materials. We argue
that still possible to shift the direction of water remediation technology to the
sustainability and affordability. The work also provides actionable insights to
solve the materials abundance issue and develop the effective technology for water
remediation. Overall, we suggest that if we controllably design and prepare the earth
abundant photocatalyst, we could realize photocatalyst based water remediation
technology. We concluded with challenges associated with implementation of
earth abundant materials in the heterogeneous catalysis based environmental
remediation.
7.1.2 Water Remediation and Heterogenous Catalysis
The ever-increasing world population demand industrial revolution and mass
manufacturing. The industries not only positive impact but also generate the negative impact due to the industrial contaminants. The water standards permit only
198
J. Nimita Jebaranjitham et al.
the use of materials which individual elements earth abundance is very low. Therefore, we should start with earth abundant materials and tune it to the best performance. The abundance of materials seriously analyzed and should be integrated
during the material design and engineering. The earth abundant materials are
cheaper, less prone to supply fluctuation and industrially more feasible. There
have been recent discussions on only use the new and carbon-based materials for
the photocatalysis but in different context (Arvidsson and Sandén 2017; Chirik and
Morris 2015; Johnson et al. 2007; Sunada and Nagashima 2017). There are no
present studies concerning in terms of materials abundance in environmental radiation technologies for high volume commercial application.
Photocatalyst based environmental remediation is perceived as next generation
water remediation technology. To realize full potential, we discussed drivers and
barriers for commercialization of environmental remediation technology. We
emphasized that sustainable commercialization requires the use of non-precious
metals or earth abundant materials. The materials abundance is grand challenge it
should be solved make the photocatalyst technology commercially viable. As long
as use of scarce metals for environmental remediation problem of sustainable
solution will arise. we believe the present work informs the researchers and industry
the importance of earth abundance based materials design. By taking longer time
perspective, this work discourages the use of scarce materials for the future materials
design for any application. By choosing earth abundant materials based design, the
scope, selectivity, performance, stability, reactivity characteristics and electron flow
of reactions of photocatalyst can be improved and hence the overall competency of
the catalyst among the existing one. The present work focuses the representative
synthetic methods that could potentially address the material abundance issues. We
suggested four possible solutions for current precious materials based research
namely recycling, use of earth abundant materials as photocatalyst, increasing
efficiency of the catalyst and develop two or more state-of-art materials. We argue
that still possible to shift the direction of water remediation technology to the
sustainability and affordability. The work also provides actionable insights to
solve the materials abundance issue and develop the effective technology for water
remediation. Overall, we suggest that if we controllably design and prepare the earth
abundant photocatalyst, we could realize photocatalyst based water remediation
technology. We concluded with challenges associated with implementation of
earth abundant materials in the heterogeneous catalysis based environmental
remediation.
7.1.2 Water Remediation and Heterogenous Catalysis
The ever-increasing world population demand industrial revolution and mass
manufacturing. The industries not only positive impact but also generate the negative impact due to the industrial contaminants. The water standards permit only
198
J. Nimita Jebaranjitham et al.