biofuel exploitation. A range of techniques have been developed for the production
of sustainable fuels like biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, and bio-aviation fuel with
biomass as raw material. However, research on fabrication of bio-aviation fuel from
renewable raw material is in vogue in current scenario. Hydrogenated esters as well
as fatty acids processes were developed by UOP/Honeywell to elevate vegetable oils
along with fats for sustainable jet/diesel fuels (Wang et al. 2018). Currently,
biobutanol is produced from stock of corn using thermophilic Clostridium by
green biologics. Substantial volumes of jet fuels, bioethanol and biodiesel that are
intended to be used for civilian and military purposes, are commercially produced by
corporations, such as Gevo, Joule Unlimited, and Solazyme. Reinstatement of crude
oil used in the present infrastructure of petroleum is possible now. This is mediated
by the use of a product named “Green Crude,” which is a generation of Sapphire
Energy (Coker 2016). There are many deciding factors particularly concerns for
safety, performance of fuel, and cost-effectiveness, which together determines the
replacement of fossil fuel with biofuel that is chemically identical to it.
3.2
Second-Generation Biofuel for Aviation Industry
In recent years, aircraft along with engine manufacturers, oil companies,
governments as well as investigators have focused toward bio-jet fuel as a thrust
area of research (Jimenez-Dıaz et al. 2017). Transportation fuels have shifted their
focus from fossil fuels to biomass-based fuel owing to increasing fear of climatic
changes along with anthropogenic changes like political instability in oil-opulent
domains. In present context, bio-jet fuel is recognized as potential solution not only
for reduction of GHG emissions from aviation company but also advocates energy
salvation, where severe environmental problems along with the unsteadiness of oil
bazaar are attracting the global concerns. Though approved for fabrication, many
sources of bio-jet fuel still face hurdles in their commercialization and invasion into
the market (Jimenez-Dıaz et al. 2017). One more reason for aviation industry to
paying good attention toward bio-based alternative jet fuels is its growing concerns
toward air traffic, as it is having impacts on environment. Alternative jet fuels
support lower life-cycle petroleum usage along with GHG emissions (Han et al.
2017).
It is obvious that if we depend upon the use of first-generation feedstocks, it will
lead to extensive changes in land and therefore adding more GHGs to atmosphere.
Considering this, there is urgent need to switch over to next-generation biomass
feedstocks that would result in no competition with food production. Apart from this,
it is not dependent on fresh water for its cultivation. Fast growing plants that can be
cultivated in wastelands with minimum farming techniques, would impose no threat
for biodiversity, help local communities by providing socioeconomic assistance, and
give rise to lesser carbon footprint are considered best suited for “second-generation”
biofuels production. Biomass like jatropha, camelina, algae as well as halophytes are
few examples that have potential to grow worldwide, due to their ability to tolerate
conditions of desert and salt water. They are the best source of bio-derived oil. These
3 Role of Thermophiles in Production of Aviation Biofuels: Fueling the Future
67
of sustainable fuels like biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, and bio-aviation fuel with
biomass as raw material. However, research on fabrication of bio-aviation fuel from
renewable raw material is in vogue in current scenario. Hydrogenated esters as well
as fatty acids processes were developed by UOP/Honeywell to elevate vegetable oils
along with fats for sustainable jet/diesel fuels (Wang et al. 2018). Currently,
biobutanol is produced from stock of corn using thermophilic Clostridium by
green biologics. Substantial volumes of jet fuels, bioethanol and biodiesel that are
intended to be used for civilian and military purposes, are commercially produced by
corporations, such as Gevo, Joule Unlimited, and Solazyme. Reinstatement of crude
oil used in the present infrastructure of petroleum is possible now. This is mediated
by the use of a product named “Green Crude,” which is a generation of Sapphire
Energy (Coker 2016). There are many deciding factors particularly concerns for
safety, performance of fuel, and cost-effectiveness, which together determines the
replacement of fossil fuel with biofuel that is chemically identical to it.
3.2
Second-Generation Biofuel for Aviation Industry
In recent years, aircraft along with engine manufacturers, oil companies,
governments as well as investigators have focused toward bio-jet fuel as a thrust
area of research (Jimenez-Dıaz et al. 2017). Transportation fuels have shifted their
focus from fossil fuels to biomass-based fuel owing to increasing fear of climatic
changes along with anthropogenic changes like political instability in oil-opulent
domains. In present context, bio-jet fuel is recognized as potential solution not only
for reduction of GHG emissions from aviation company but also advocates energy
salvation, where severe environmental problems along with the unsteadiness of oil
bazaar are attracting the global concerns. Though approved for fabrication, many
sources of bio-jet fuel still face hurdles in their commercialization and invasion into
the market (Jimenez-Dıaz et al. 2017). One more reason for aviation industry to
paying good attention toward bio-based alternative jet fuels is its growing concerns
toward air traffic, as it is having impacts on environment. Alternative jet fuels
support lower life-cycle petroleum usage along with GHG emissions (Han et al.
2017).
It is obvious that if we depend upon the use of first-generation feedstocks, it will
lead to extensive changes in land and therefore adding more GHGs to atmosphere.
Considering this, there is urgent need to switch over to next-generation biomass
feedstocks that would result in no competition with food production. Apart from this,
it is not dependent on fresh water for its cultivation. Fast growing plants that can be
cultivated in wastelands with minimum farming techniques, would impose no threat
for biodiversity, help local communities by providing socioeconomic assistance, and
give rise to lesser carbon footprint are considered best suited for “second-generation”
biofuels production. Biomass like jatropha, camelina, algae as well as halophytes are
few examples that have potential to grow worldwide, due to their ability to tolerate
conditions of desert and salt water. They are the best source of bio-derived oil. These
3 Role of Thermophiles in Production of Aviation Biofuels: Fueling the Future
67