2.7
Conclusion
Biogas production can address problems of energy demand, SWM system, fossil
fuel consumption, and global warming at the same time. It is of more importance to
developing countries, like Pakistan and India, where energy deficiency leads to
excess utilization of non-renewable natural resources and where animal manure
production is more than enough, 1645.46 metric tons per year, to support the
sustainable way of energy generation. There is a wide range of biogas utilization
such as heat production, electricity generation, and domestic fuel consumption.
Biogas has proved to be a sustainable approach to many countries, e.g. in 2016,
Germany has fulfilled its 12.4% of energy requirements from biogas plants. Sweden
uses biogas for vehicle fuel and power generation. The carbon-based fraction of the
waste is used to produce biogas. Biogas production utilizes the diversity of
substrates and thus a diversity of microorganisms to act upon them. However,
microbial and biotechnological advancements can increase the efficiency and yield
of biogas production in various ways: by bio-augmentation and addition of
microorganisms. There is diversity in the organic waste which can be utilized for
biogas production by different countries according to the availability of feedstock
types. Food waste generation rates are higher in developing countries. Various
technology options can be opted for biogas production depending upon the financial
and human resource capacity of the nations. Technological transfer to developing
countries will be helpful in inefficient biogas production. States and countries like
California, Sweden, and Germany have established standards for the consumption of
biogas. It is imperative to develop International Standards for the utilization of
biogas sustainably. More research is needed to develop cost-effective technologies,
pre-treatment methods, and reduction of environmental effects. There exists a dire
need for the marketization of renewable energy in several countries to promote its
production and consumption.
References
Abdeshahian P et al (2016) Potential of biogas production from farm animal waste in Malaysia.
Renew Sustain Energ Rev 60:714–723
Achinas S et al (2017) A technological overview of biogas production from biowaste. Engineering 3
(3):299–307
Adams P et al (2015) Biomass sustainability criteria: greenhouse gas accounting issues for biogas
and biomethane facilities. Energ Policy 87:95–109
Ağdağ ON, Sponza DT (2004) Effect of aeration on the performance of a simulated landfilling
reactor stabilizing municipal solid wastes. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Substain Environ
Eng 39(11-12):2955–2972
Akinbami JF et al (2001) Biogas energy use in Nigeria: current status, future prospects and policy
implications. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 5(1):97–112
Al-Addous M et al (2019) Evaluation of biogas production from the co-digestion of municipal food
waste and wastewater sludge at refugee camps using an automated methane potential test
system. Energies 12(1):32
Alexander M (1978) Introduction to soil microbiology. Soil Sci 125(5):331
2 Microbial and Biotechnological Advancement in Biogas Production
59
Conclusion
Biogas production can address problems of energy demand, SWM system, fossil
fuel consumption, and global warming at the same time. It is of more importance to
developing countries, like Pakistan and India, where energy deficiency leads to
excess utilization of non-renewable natural resources and where animal manure
production is more than enough, 1645.46 metric tons per year, to support the
sustainable way of energy generation. There is a wide range of biogas utilization
such as heat production, electricity generation, and domestic fuel consumption.
Biogas has proved to be a sustainable approach to many countries, e.g. in 2016,
Germany has fulfilled its 12.4% of energy requirements from biogas plants. Sweden
uses biogas for vehicle fuel and power generation. The carbon-based fraction of the
waste is used to produce biogas. Biogas production utilizes the diversity of
substrates and thus a diversity of microorganisms to act upon them. However,
microbial and biotechnological advancements can increase the efficiency and yield
of biogas production in various ways: by bio-augmentation and addition of
microorganisms. There is diversity in the organic waste which can be utilized for
biogas production by different countries according to the availability of feedstock
types. Food waste generation rates are higher in developing countries. Various
technology options can be opted for biogas production depending upon the financial
and human resource capacity of the nations. Technological transfer to developing
countries will be helpful in inefficient biogas production. States and countries like
California, Sweden, and Germany have established standards for the consumption of
biogas. It is imperative to develop International Standards for the utilization of
biogas sustainably. More research is needed to develop cost-effective technologies,
pre-treatment methods, and reduction of environmental effects. There exists a dire
need for the marketization of renewable energy in several countries to promote its
production and consumption.
References
Abdeshahian P et al (2016) Potential of biogas production from farm animal waste in Malaysia.
Renew Sustain Energ Rev 60:714–723
Achinas S et al (2017) A technological overview of biogas production from biowaste. Engineering 3
(3):299–307
Adams P et al (2015) Biomass sustainability criteria: greenhouse gas accounting issues for biogas
and biomethane facilities. Energ Policy 87:95–109
Ağdağ ON, Sponza DT (2004) Effect of aeration on the performance of a simulated landfilling
reactor stabilizing municipal solid wastes. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Substain Environ
Eng 39(11-12):2955–2972
Akinbami JF et al (2001) Biogas energy use in Nigeria: current status, future prospects and policy
implications. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 5(1):97–112
Al-Addous M et al (2019) Evaluation of biogas production from the co-digestion of municipal food
waste and wastewater sludge at refugee camps using an automated methane potential test
system. Energies 12(1):32
Alexander M (1978) Introduction to soil microbiology. Soil Sci 125(5):331
2 Microbial and Biotechnological Advancement in Biogas Production
59