LCA to be carried where we have 1 m
3 of biogas corresponds to 6.29 barrels of oil.
The cost of one barrel of oil is equal to 53.76 USD. So, the 119.71 billion m
3 of
biogas produced is equivalent to 753 billion barrels of oil and the cost is 39,909
billion USD approximately. This gives us a scenario about the financial benefit of
production of such amount of biogas.
2.5.1.1 European Union and Europe
Biogas production has seen an unremarkable growth in last years around Europe
(Table 2.5). It was mainly driven by favorable support schemes in various European
Union Member States.
The rate of production of biogas has improved in the European Union. An
increase in biogas production is also associated with renewable energy policies,
environmental, social, and financial benefits, and it reached 18 billion m
3 methane
(654 PJ) in 2015, which represents half of the global biogas production (Scarlat
et al. 2018).
2.5.1.2 Malaysia
Malaysia has been continuously inferring Renewable Energy-promoting policies
and actions, for instance, the Small Renewable Energy Program, National Green
Policy 2009, National Renewable Energy Act 011, Feed-in Tariff (FiT) mechanisms,
Renewable Energy business fund, and Green Technology Financial Schemes.
Precisely, the Renewable Energy resources included energy from biomass,
municipal waste, and biogas. Biogas is relatively essential in a waste management
perspective as it can offer a win–win scenario towards the nation’s efforts to achieve
energy security along with combating waste accumulation. Biogas is one of the
useful end products of the anaerobic digestion processes of organic waste where it is
utilized to generate electricity. The most crucial and vital source for the generation of
biogas in Malaysia is palm oil effluent (POME), livestock manure, and MSW (Ali
et al. 2012; Mekhilef et al. 2014). The potential of electricity produced by the biogas
is estimated to be 100 megawatts (MW) by 2015 (Shafie et al. 2011) with an energy
reservoir of 410 MW by 2030 and of 360–400 MW by 2020 (Khor and Lalchand
Table 2.4 Energy consumption
Constituent
Usage in 2016 (in million
tons of oil equivalent)
%Annual increase/decrease
from 2005 to 2016
Total amount of energy
13,276
1.8
Natural gas
3204
2.3
Oil
4418
1.1
Nuclear electricity
592
À0.5
Coal
3732
1.6
Hydroelectricity
910
3.0
Wind and solar electricity
292
25.3
Biomass, geothermal, and other
renewable electricity
127
7.4
Source: Gautam et al. (2019)
54
M. N. Anwar et al.
3 of biogas corresponds to 6.29 barrels of oil.
The cost of one barrel of oil is equal to 53.76 USD. So, the 119.71 billion m
3 of
biogas produced is equivalent to 753 billion barrels of oil and the cost is 39,909
billion USD approximately. This gives us a scenario about the financial benefit of
production of such amount of biogas.
2.5.1.1 European Union and Europe
Biogas production has seen an unremarkable growth in last years around Europe
(Table 2.5). It was mainly driven by favorable support schemes in various European
Union Member States.
The rate of production of biogas has improved in the European Union. An
increase in biogas production is also associated with renewable energy policies,
environmental, social, and financial benefits, and it reached 18 billion m
3 methane
(654 PJ) in 2015, which represents half of the global biogas production (Scarlat
et al. 2018).
2.5.1.2 Malaysia
Malaysia has been continuously inferring Renewable Energy-promoting policies
and actions, for instance, the Small Renewable Energy Program, National Green
Policy 2009, National Renewable Energy Act 011, Feed-in Tariff (FiT) mechanisms,
Renewable Energy business fund, and Green Technology Financial Schemes.
Precisely, the Renewable Energy resources included energy from biomass,
municipal waste, and biogas. Biogas is relatively essential in a waste management
perspective as it can offer a win–win scenario towards the nation’s efforts to achieve
energy security along with combating waste accumulation. Biogas is one of the
useful end products of the anaerobic digestion processes of organic waste where it is
utilized to generate electricity. The most crucial and vital source for the generation of
biogas in Malaysia is palm oil effluent (POME), livestock manure, and MSW (Ali
et al. 2012; Mekhilef et al. 2014). The potential of electricity produced by the biogas
is estimated to be 100 megawatts (MW) by 2015 (Shafie et al. 2011) with an energy
reservoir of 410 MW by 2030 and of 360–400 MW by 2020 (Khor and Lalchand
Table 2.4 Energy consumption
Constituent
Usage in 2016 (in million
tons of oil equivalent)
%Annual increase/decrease
from 2005 to 2016
Total amount of energy
13,276
1.8
Natural gas
3204
2.3
Oil
4418
1.1
Nuclear electricity
592
À0.5
Coal
3732
1.6
Hydroelectricity
910
3.0
Wind and solar electricity
292
25.3
Biomass, geothermal, and other
renewable electricity
127
7.4
Source: Gautam et al. (2019)
54
M. N. Anwar et al.