method of tobacco processing which converts nitrate to nitrite (Hoffmann et al.
1995). The consumption of khaini directly affects the oral mucosa via interactions
with high amounts of nitrite as well as N-nitroso compounds formed endogenously.
This has been seen in saliva of individuals consuming khaini (Stitch et al. 1992).
Other forms of popular smokeless tobacco products are Zarda and Gutka. Zarda is
produced by boiling tobacco leaves in water with lime and spices and has significantly high levels of nitrosamines, while Gutka contains less nitrosamine.
Around 75% of cancers of oral cavity and pharynx are caused by the use of
tobacco. The association between tobacco and cancer becomes more pronounced
with increased amount of tobacco consumption, either in the form of smoking or
Table 10.1 Some of the IARC compounds reported in cigarette mainstream smoke
Class
Compound name
Molecular
formula
Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic
Isoprene
C 5 H 8
4-Vinylcyclohexene
C 8 H 12
Polycyclic
Benzo[a]pyrene
C 20 H 12
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
C 20 H 12
Benzo[j]fluoranthene
C 20 H 12
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
C 20 H 12
5-Methyl-chrysene
C 19 H 14
Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
C 24 H 14
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene
C 24 H 14
Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene
C 24 H 14
Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene
C 24 H 14
Indeno [1, 2, 3-cd] pyrene
C 22 H 12
Aromatic
Ethyl benzene
C 8 H 10
Styrene
C 8 H 8
Nitrogen containing components
Aromatic
amines
o-Anisidine
C 7 H 9 NO
p-Chloroaniline
C 6 H 6 C l N
2,6-Xylidine (2,6-dimethylaniline)
C 8 H 11 N
Aza-arenes
Dibenz[a,h]acridine
C 21 H 13 N
Dibenz [a,j]acridine
C 21 H 13 N
Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole
C 20 H 13 N
Nitrosamines
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA)
C 8 H 18 N 2 O
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA)
C 6 H 14 N 2 O
N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine (NEMA, MEN)
C 3 H 8 N 2 O
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA)
C 4 H 10 N 2 O 3
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl) -1-butanone
(NNK)
C 10 H 13 N 3 O 2
N
0 -Nitrosonornicotine (NNN)
C 9 H 11 N 3 O
N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP, NPP)
C 5 H 10 N 2 O
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR, NPY)
C 4 H 8 N 2 O
214
M. Ruwali and R. Shukla
1995). The consumption of khaini directly affects the oral mucosa via interactions
with high amounts of nitrite as well as N-nitroso compounds formed endogenously.
This has been seen in saliva of individuals consuming khaini (Stitch et al. 1992).
Other forms of popular smokeless tobacco products are Zarda and Gutka. Zarda is
produced by boiling tobacco leaves in water with lime and spices and has significantly high levels of nitrosamines, while Gutka contains less nitrosamine.
Around 75% of cancers of oral cavity and pharynx are caused by the use of
tobacco. The association between tobacco and cancer becomes more pronounced
with increased amount of tobacco consumption, either in the form of smoking or
Table 10.1 Some of the IARC compounds reported in cigarette mainstream smoke
Class
Compound name
Molecular
formula
Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic
Isoprene
C 5 H 8
4-Vinylcyclohexene
C 8 H 12
Polycyclic
Benzo[a]pyrene
C 20 H 12
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
C 20 H 12
Benzo[j]fluoranthene
C 20 H 12
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
C 20 H 12
5-Methyl-chrysene
C 19 H 14
Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
C 24 H 14
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene
C 24 H 14
Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene
C 24 H 14
Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene
C 24 H 14
Indeno [1, 2, 3-cd] pyrene
C 22 H 12
Aromatic
Ethyl benzene
C 8 H 10
Styrene
C 8 H 8
Nitrogen containing components
Aromatic
amines
o-Anisidine
C 7 H 9 NO
p-Chloroaniline
C 6 H 6 C l N
2,6-Xylidine (2,6-dimethylaniline)
C 8 H 11 N
Aza-arenes
Dibenz[a,h]acridine
C 21 H 13 N
Dibenz [a,j]acridine
C 21 H 13 N
Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole
C 20 H 13 N
Nitrosamines
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA)
C 8 H 18 N 2 O
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA)
C 6 H 14 N 2 O
N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine (NEMA, MEN)
C 3 H 8 N 2 O
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA)
C 4 H 10 N 2 O 3
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl) -1-butanone
(NNK)
C 10 H 13 N 3 O 2
N
0 -Nitrosonornicotine (NNN)
C 9 H 11 N 3 O
N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP, NPP)
C 5 H 10 N 2 O
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR, NPY)
C 4 H 8 N 2 O
214
M. Ruwali and R. Shukla