development of smart labels to indicate food spoilage or presence of harmful toxins.
Thus, this area would benefit from fundamental advances in the development of
low-cost and flexible nanosensors suitable for roll-to-roll manufacturing in largescale production. The use of inexpensive materials such as paper or plastic and
integration of all sensing reagents into a portable compact unit is also desirable for
future deployment and rapid implementation of these devices. Method validation,
comparability, stability, and interlaboratory studies to evaluate performance are also
needed to ensure robustness and accuracy of these devices for real-world
applications (Mustafa et al. 2017).
9.3
Conclusion
In this chapter, we summarized the recent progress in modern tools for monitoring of
environmental pollution and assessment to promote for betterment of the public
health and individual life quality. So our center of interest to detect of pathogens in
the actual environmental samples is imperative. Design and development of detection methods with sensitivity, reproducibility, selectivity, and speediness are
urgently required for screening their occurrence in correspondence with safety
regulations at significant levels. The nucleic acid-based biosensors have potential
to sense the samples (pollutant) in a very low concentrations, and it is time-effective
upstream processes. Immunosensors have relatively fewer steps and required less
assay time but needs specific antibodies that are complicated and non-economical.
Using different signal amplification and background-reduction techniques coupled
with the miniaturization with enhanced sensitivity, nucleic acid/antibody-based
detection methods offer sensitive and selective tools for screening various forms of
pathogens. Use of nanoparticles and nanomaterials will facilitate efficient
techniques, multiplex detection systems, and nanomaterial-based research for simultaneously sensing relevant pathogens in a specific environmental scenario. It has
been revolutionized the case of biological detection. The overall mechanism has
become robust, smarter, less costly, and user friendly. The significant advantage
includes rapid results because the approach to increase signal rather than the target
analytes has revolutionized the paradigm of detection.
References
Abulreesh HH, Paget TA, Goulder R (2006) Campylobacter in waterfowl and aquatic
environments: incidence and methods of detection. Environ Sci Technol 40:7122–7131.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es060327l
Adleyb C, Arshaka K, Molnarb C et al (2009) Design of specific DNA primers to detect the Bacillus
cereus group species. In: IEEE sensors applications symposium new Orleans, LA
Adzitey F, Corry JA (2011) Comparison between hippurate hydrolysis and multiplex PCR for
differentiating C. coli and C. jejuni. Trop Life Sci Res 22:57–64
Adzitey F, Huda N, Ali GRR (2013) Molecular techniques for detecting and typing of bacteria,
advantages and application to foodborne pathogens isolated from ducks. 3 Biotech 3:97–107
9 Development of Modern Tools for Environmental Monitoring of Pathogens and. . .
205
Thus, this area would benefit from fundamental advances in the development of
low-cost and flexible nanosensors suitable for roll-to-roll manufacturing in largescale production. The use of inexpensive materials such as paper or plastic and
integration of all sensing reagents into a portable compact unit is also desirable for
future deployment and rapid implementation of these devices. Method validation,
comparability, stability, and interlaboratory studies to evaluate performance are also
needed to ensure robustness and accuracy of these devices for real-world
applications (Mustafa et al. 2017).
9.3
Conclusion
In this chapter, we summarized the recent progress in modern tools for monitoring of
environmental pollution and assessment to promote for betterment of the public
health and individual life quality. So our center of interest to detect of pathogens in
the actual environmental samples is imperative. Design and development of detection methods with sensitivity, reproducibility, selectivity, and speediness are
urgently required for screening their occurrence in correspondence with safety
regulations at significant levels. The nucleic acid-based biosensors have potential
to sense the samples (pollutant) in a very low concentrations, and it is time-effective
upstream processes. Immunosensors have relatively fewer steps and required less
assay time but needs specific antibodies that are complicated and non-economical.
Using different signal amplification and background-reduction techniques coupled
with the miniaturization with enhanced sensitivity, nucleic acid/antibody-based
detection methods offer sensitive and selective tools for screening various forms of
pathogens. Use of nanoparticles and nanomaterials will facilitate efficient
techniques, multiplex detection systems, and nanomaterial-based research for simultaneously sensing relevant pathogens in a specific environmental scenario. It has
been revolutionized the case of biological detection. The overall mechanism has
become robust, smarter, less costly, and user friendly. The significant advantage
includes rapid results because the approach to increase signal rather than the target
analytes has revolutionized the paradigm of detection.
References
Abulreesh HH, Paget TA, Goulder R (2006) Campylobacter in waterfowl and aquatic
environments: incidence and methods of detection. Environ Sci Technol 40:7122–7131.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es060327l
Adleyb C, Arshaka K, Molnarb C et al (2009) Design of specific DNA primers to detect the Bacillus
cereus group species. In: IEEE sensors applications symposium new Orleans, LA
Adzitey F, Corry JA (2011) Comparison between hippurate hydrolysis and multiplex PCR for
differentiating C. coli and C. jejuni. Trop Life Sci Res 22:57–64
Adzitey F, Huda N, Ali GRR (2013) Molecular techniques for detecting and typing of bacteria,
advantages and application to foodborne pathogens isolated from ducks. 3 Biotech 3:97–107
9 Development of Modern Tools for Environmental Monitoring of Pathogens and. . .
205