36
the California oil, gas, and groundwater program, 2014-15. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File
Report 2016-1100, 8 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161100.
McMahon, P. B., Barlow, J. R. B., Engle, M. A., Belitz, K., Ging, P. B., Hunt, A. G., Jurgens, B. C.,
Kharaka, Y. K., Tollett, R. W., & Kresse, T. M. (2017). Methane and benzene in drinking-water
wells overlying the Eagle Ford, Fayetteville, and Haynesville shale hydrocarbon production
areas. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(12), 6727–6734.
McMahon, P. B., Lindsey, B. D., Conlon, M. D., Hunt, A. G., Belitz, K., Jurgens, B. C., & Varela,
B. A. (2019). Hydrocarbons in upland groundwater, Marcellus shale region, northeastern
Pennsylvania and southern New York, USA. Environmental Science & Technology, Online
Publication Date: 27 June 2019. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01440
Montgomery, C. T., & Smith, M. B. (2010). Hydraulic fracturing: History of an enduring technology. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 62(12), 26–32.
Parsen, M., & Zambito, J. (2014). Frac sand in Wisconsin: Fact sheet 05, Wisconsin Geological
and Natural History Survey, Madison, WI, 2 p. http://wgnhs.uwex.edu/pubs/fs05/
Randolph, P. L. (1983). Porosity and permeability of Mesaverde core from the U.S. DOE multiwell
experiment, Garfield County, Colorado. In Proceedings, 1983 SPE/DOE Joint Symposium on
Low Permeability Gas Reservoirs, Denver, Colorado, March 13–16, paper SPE/DOE 11765.
Rodriguez, R., Crandall, D., Song, X., Verba, C., & Soeder, D. (2014). Imaging techniques for
Analyzing shale pores and minerals (Report NETL-TRS-6-2014; NETL technical report series).
Morgantown, WV: U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. 40 p.
Schrider, L. A., & Wise, R. L. (1980, April). Potential new sources of natural gas. Journal of
Petroleum Technology, 703–716.
Smith, M. B., & Montgomery, C. (2015). Hydraulic fracturing (812 p). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Soeder, D. J. (1988). Porosity and permeability of eastern Devonian gas shale. SPE Formation
Evaluation, 3(1), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.2118/15213-PA.
Soeder, D. J. (2017). Unconventional: The development of natural gas from the Marcellus shale
(GSA special paper 527). Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America Books. 143 p.
Soeder, D. J., & Kappel, W. M. (2009). Water resources and natural gas production from the
Marcellus shale. U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 2009–3032, 6 p.
Soeder, D. J., Sharma, S., Pekney, N., Hopkinson, L., Dilmore, R., Kutchko, B., Stewart, B., Carter,
K., Hakala, A., & Capo, R. (2014). An approach for assessing engineering risk from shale gas
wells in the United States. International Journal of Coal Geology, 126, 4–19.
USEPA. (2016). Hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas: Impacts from the hydraulic fracturing water
cycle on drinking water resources in the United States (Final Report): EPA/600/R-16/236F,
Washington, DC, 664 p.
USEPA. (2020). Summary of input on oil and gas extraction wastewater management practices
under the Clean Water Act, Final report: EPA-821-S19-001. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Engineering and Analysis Division, Office of Water, Washington, DC, 33 p.
2 What Is Fracking?
the California oil, gas, and groundwater program, 2014-15. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File
Report 2016-1100, 8 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161100.
McMahon, P. B., Barlow, J. R. B., Engle, M. A., Belitz, K., Ging, P. B., Hunt, A. G., Jurgens, B. C.,
Kharaka, Y. K., Tollett, R. W., & Kresse, T. M. (2017). Methane and benzene in drinking-water
wells overlying the Eagle Ford, Fayetteville, and Haynesville shale hydrocarbon production
areas. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(12), 6727–6734.
McMahon, P. B., Lindsey, B. D., Conlon, M. D., Hunt, A. G., Belitz, K., Jurgens, B. C., & Varela,
B. A. (2019). Hydrocarbons in upland groundwater, Marcellus shale region, northeastern
Pennsylvania and southern New York, USA. Environmental Science & Technology, Online
Publication Date: 27 June 2019. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01440
Montgomery, C. T., & Smith, M. B. (2010). Hydraulic fracturing: History of an enduring technology. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 62(12), 26–32.
Parsen, M., & Zambito, J. (2014). Frac sand in Wisconsin: Fact sheet 05, Wisconsin Geological
and Natural History Survey, Madison, WI, 2 p. http://wgnhs.uwex.edu/pubs/fs05/
Randolph, P. L. (1983). Porosity and permeability of Mesaverde core from the U.S. DOE multiwell
experiment, Garfield County, Colorado. In Proceedings, 1983 SPE/DOE Joint Symposium on
Low Permeability Gas Reservoirs, Denver, Colorado, March 13–16, paper SPE/DOE 11765.
Rodriguez, R., Crandall, D., Song, X., Verba, C., & Soeder, D. (2014). Imaging techniques for
Analyzing shale pores and minerals (Report NETL-TRS-6-2014; NETL technical report series).
Morgantown, WV: U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. 40 p.
Schrider, L. A., & Wise, R. L. (1980, April). Potential new sources of natural gas. Journal of
Petroleum Technology, 703–716.
Smith, M. B., & Montgomery, C. (2015). Hydraulic fracturing (812 p). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Soeder, D. J. (1988). Porosity and permeability of eastern Devonian gas shale. SPE Formation
Evaluation, 3(1), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.2118/15213-PA.
Soeder, D. J. (2017). Unconventional: The development of natural gas from the Marcellus shale
(GSA special paper 527). Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America Books. 143 p.
Soeder, D. J., & Kappel, W. M. (2009). Water resources and natural gas production from the
Marcellus shale. U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 2009–3032, 6 p.
Soeder, D. J., Sharma, S., Pekney, N., Hopkinson, L., Dilmore, R., Kutchko, B., Stewart, B., Carter,
K., Hakala, A., & Capo, R. (2014). An approach for assessing engineering risk from shale gas
wells in the United States. International Journal of Coal Geology, 126, 4–19.
USEPA. (2016). Hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas: Impacts from the hydraulic fracturing water
cycle on drinking water resources in the United States (Final Report): EPA/600/R-16/236F,
Washington, DC, 664 p.
USEPA. (2020). Summary of input on oil and gas extraction wastewater management practices
under the Clean Water Act, Final report: EPA-821-S19-001. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Engineering and Analysis Division, Office of Water, Washington, DC, 33 p.
2 What Is Fracking?