151
far, flowback and produced water are commonly disposed of expediently by dumping into the ocean (Sakashita 2014). Some offshore injection wells do exist, but
these are virtually impossible to monitor. Because of the potential risk to marine
ecosystems, environmental advocates have been calling for offshore fracking to be
banned, or to at least require that these fluids be brought to shore and disposed of
down Class II UIC wells just like other oilfield brines. Because of the added cost,
industry response has been less than enthusiastic.
References
Akob, D. M., Mumford, A. C., Orem, W., Engle, M. A., Klinges, J. G., Kent, D. B., & Cozzarelli,
I. M. (2016). Wastewater disposal from unconventional oil and gas development degrades
stream quality at a West Virginia injection facility. Environmental Science & Technology, 50,
5517–5525.
Barnes, K. B., Morgan III, J. M, & Roberge, M. C. (2002). Impervious surfaces and the quality
of natural and built environments. Department of Geography and Environmental Planning,
Towson University, Baltimore, MD, 21252-0001, 28 p.
Bean, J. K., Bhandari, S., Bilotto, A., & Hildebrandt Ruiz, L. (2018). Formation of particulate matter from the oxidation of evaporated hydraulic fracturing wastewater. Environmental Science &
Technology, 52(8), 4960–4968.
Benedict, K. B., Prenni, A. J., Sullivan, A. P., Evanoski-Cole, A. R., Fischer, E. V., Callahan, S.,
Sive, B. C., Zhou, Y., Schichtel, B. A., & Collett, J. L., Jr. (2018). Impact of front range sources
on reactive nitrogen concentrations and deposition in Rocky Mountain National Park. Peer
Journal, 6, e4759. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4759.
Bien, T., & Helmig, D. (2018). Changes in summertime ozone in Colorado during 2000–2015.
Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene, 6(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.300.
Bloomdahl, R., Abualfaraj, N., Olson, M., & Gurian, P. L. (2014, November). Assessing worker
exposure to inhaled volatile organic compounds from Marcellus shale flowback pits. Journal
of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 21, 348–356.
Brantley, S. L., Yoxtheimer, D., Arjmand, S., Grieve, P., Vidic, R., Pollak, J., Llewellyn, G. T.,
Abad, J., & Simon, C. (2014). Water resource impacts during unconventional shale gas development: The Pennsylvania experience. International Journal of Coal Geology, 126, 140–156.
Cozzarelli, I. M., Skalak, K. J., Kent, D. B., Engle, M. A., Benthem, A., Mumford, A. C.,
Haase, K., Farag, A., Harper, D., Nagel, S. C., Iwanowicz, L. R., Orem, W. H., Akob, D. M.,
Jaeschke, J. B., Galloway, J., Kohler, M., Stoliker, D. L., & Jolly, G. (2017). Environmental
signatures and effects of a spill of untreated oil and gas wastewater in the Williston Basin,
North Dakota. Science of the Total Environment, 579C, 1782–1795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2016.11.157.
DiGiulio, D. C., & Jackson, R. B. (2016). Impact to underground sources of drinking water and
domestic wells from production well stimulation and completion practices in the Pavillion,
Wyoming, field. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(8), 4524–4536.
Esswein, E. J., Snawder, J., King, B., Breitenstein, M., Alexander-Scott, M., & Kiefer, M. (2014).
Evaluation of some potential chemical exposure risks during flowback operations in unconventional oil and gas extraction: Preliminary results. Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Hygiene, 11(10), D174–D184.
Hagen, M., Kissling, W. D., Rasmussen, C., De Aguiar, M. A. M., Brown, L. E., Carstensen, D. W.,
Alves-Dos-Santos, I., Dupont, Y. L., Edwards, F. K., Genini, J., Guimarães, P. R., Jr., Jenkins,
G. B., Jordano, P., Kaiser-Bunbury, C. N., Ledger, M. E., Maia, K. P., Darcie Marquitti, F. M.,
Mclaughlin, Ó., Morellato, P. C., O’Gorman, E. J., Trøjelsgaard, K., Tylianakis, J. M., Morais
References
far, flowback and produced water are commonly disposed of expediently by dumping into the ocean (Sakashita 2014). Some offshore injection wells do exist, but
these are virtually impossible to monitor. Because of the potential risk to marine
ecosystems, environmental advocates have been calling for offshore fracking to be
banned, or to at least require that these fluids be brought to shore and disposed of
down Class II UIC wells just like other oilfield brines. Because of the added cost,
industry response has been less than enthusiastic.
References
Akob, D. M., Mumford, A. C., Orem, W., Engle, M. A., Klinges, J. G., Kent, D. B., & Cozzarelli,
I. M. (2016). Wastewater disposal from unconventional oil and gas development degrades
stream quality at a West Virginia injection facility. Environmental Science & Technology, 50,
5517–5525.
Barnes, K. B., Morgan III, J. M, & Roberge, M. C. (2002). Impervious surfaces and the quality
of natural and built environments. Department of Geography and Environmental Planning,
Towson University, Baltimore, MD, 21252-0001, 28 p.
Bean, J. K., Bhandari, S., Bilotto, A., & Hildebrandt Ruiz, L. (2018). Formation of particulate matter from the oxidation of evaporated hydraulic fracturing wastewater. Environmental Science &
Technology, 52(8), 4960–4968.
Benedict, K. B., Prenni, A. J., Sullivan, A. P., Evanoski-Cole, A. R., Fischer, E. V., Callahan, S.,
Sive, B. C., Zhou, Y., Schichtel, B. A., & Collett, J. L., Jr. (2018). Impact of front range sources
on reactive nitrogen concentrations and deposition in Rocky Mountain National Park. Peer
Journal, 6, e4759. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4759.
Bien, T., & Helmig, D. (2018). Changes in summertime ozone in Colorado during 2000–2015.
Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene, 6(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.300.
Bloomdahl, R., Abualfaraj, N., Olson, M., & Gurian, P. L. (2014, November). Assessing worker
exposure to inhaled volatile organic compounds from Marcellus shale flowback pits. Journal
of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 21, 348–356.
Brantley, S. L., Yoxtheimer, D., Arjmand, S., Grieve, P., Vidic, R., Pollak, J., Llewellyn, G. T.,
Abad, J., & Simon, C. (2014). Water resource impacts during unconventional shale gas development: The Pennsylvania experience. International Journal of Coal Geology, 126, 140–156.
Cozzarelli, I. M., Skalak, K. J., Kent, D. B., Engle, M. A., Benthem, A., Mumford, A. C.,
Haase, K., Farag, A., Harper, D., Nagel, S. C., Iwanowicz, L. R., Orem, W. H., Akob, D. M.,
Jaeschke, J. B., Galloway, J., Kohler, M., Stoliker, D. L., & Jolly, G. (2017). Environmental
signatures and effects of a spill of untreated oil and gas wastewater in the Williston Basin,
North Dakota. Science of the Total Environment, 579C, 1782–1795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2016.11.157.
DiGiulio, D. C., & Jackson, R. B. (2016). Impact to underground sources of drinking water and
domestic wells from production well stimulation and completion practices in the Pavillion,
Wyoming, field. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(8), 4524–4536.
Esswein, E. J., Snawder, J., King, B., Breitenstein, M., Alexander-Scott, M., & Kiefer, M. (2014).
Evaluation of some potential chemical exposure risks during flowback operations in unconventional oil and gas extraction: Preliminary results. Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Hygiene, 11(10), D174–D184.
Hagen, M., Kissling, W. D., Rasmussen, C., De Aguiar, M. A. M., Brown, L. E., Carstensen, D. W.,
Alves-Dos-Santos, I., Dupont, Y. L., Edwards, F. K., Genini, J., Guimarães, P. R., Jr., Jenkins,
G. B., Jordano, P., Kaiser-Bunbury, C. N., Ledger, M. E., Maia, K. P., Darcie Marquitti, F. M.,
Mclaughlin, Ó., Morellato, P. C., O’Gorman, E. J., Trøjelsgaard, K., Tylianakis, J. M., Morais
References