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Z. Andlib et al.
agro-processing and textiles, causing manufacturing output to fall by 9% by the end
of 1992. Agriculture sector growth in Zimbabwe fell by 23% in real terms in 1992
resulting in more than 5.3 million people in the country registering for drought relief
(FAO 2015). A study on the effects of climate change on hydrology and irrigation
in portions of the four riparian countries of Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa
and Zimbabwe 9 years ago showed that water resource of the Limpopo River Basin
is already stressed under the present-day climate conditions (Zhu and Ringler 2010;
Awojobi and Tetteh 2017). Livestock production in Southern Africa is also vulnerable to climate change through drought, despite its importance as a source of food,
income, or insurance against crop failure.
(Seo and Mendelsohn 2007). This industry is very significant to the economy
of Botswana and it depends on local biomass production (Masike and Ulrich 2008),
with a strong correlation having been found between drought due to changing climate
and animal death (Thornton et al. 2009; Awojobi and Tetteh 2017).
Agricultural production significantly contributes to the GDP of some of the countries of the Asia and Pacific regions and is a source of employment for a large part of
the population in many of the developing member countries (ADB 2017). Declining
soil productivity, groundwater depletion, as well as increased pest incidence and
salinity associated with changing climates threaten the sustainability and food security of the region (Wassmann et al. 2009; ADB 2017). Assessments of climate change
impacts on agricultural production in Asia and the Pacific region have shown that
despite regional variations, both biophysical climate impacts, as well as ensuing
impacts on development, are likely to be greatly substantial (Hijioka et al. 2014;
Schellnhuber et al. 2014; Vinke et al. 2016). Winter monsoons in Arid Asia, India
and Southeast Asia have been predicted to decline significantly affecting agricultural
production (Preston et al. 2006). Any increase in rainfall amounts in the region due
to climate change will be offset by rising temperatures, posing a challenge to agriculture, stressing crops and reducing yields (Mendelsohn 2005; Preston et al. 2006).
Climate change estimates suggest relatively large increases in temperatures, with the
potential for warming in excess of 5 °C for continental Asia (Preston et al. 2006).
The low lying and very flat country of Bangladesh is one of the countries most
severely affected by climate change in the region (Vinke et al. 2016). High geographic
vulnerability coincides with higher populations consisting of mostly poor income
groups heavily reliant on subsistence agriculture. Severe floods/flash flooding (almost
80% of the country prone to flooding), droughts and cyclones/storms on the South and
south-eastern parts of the country have been prevalent, causing crop losses (Preston
et al. 2006; Wassman et al. 2009b; Chen et al. 2012; IPCC 2014; Sikder and Xiaoying
2014). These extreme climate events occur in Bangladesh almost annually and sometimes more than once a year, affecting crop agriculture, particularly rice production
(MoEF 2005; Yamin et al. 2005). Rice plays a leading role by contributing 95% of
the total food production in Bangladesh (GoB 2010), with any changes in climate
thus having a profound effect on its productivity. Other climatic change impacts like
extreme temperatures and salinity intrusion have also contributed to a significant
reduction in crop yields in Bangladesh, which have also come with a reduction in
Z. Andlib et al.
agro-processing and textiles, causing manufacturing output to fall by 9% by the end
of 1992. Agriculture sector growth in Zimbabwe fell by 23% in real terms in 1992
resulting in more than 5.3 million people in the country registering for drought relief
(FAO 2015). A study on the effects of climate change on hydrology and irrigation
in portions of the four riparian countries of Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa
and Zimbabwe 9 years ago showed that water resource of the Limpopo River Basin
is already stressed under the present-day climate conditions (Zhu and Ringler 2010;
Awojobi and Tetteh 2017). Livestock production in Southern Africa is also vulnerable to climate change through drought, despite its importance as a source of food,
income, or insurance against crop failure.
(Seo and Mendelsohn 2007). This industry is very significant to the economy
of Botswana and it depends on local biomass production (Masike and Ulrich 2008),
with a strong correlation having been found between drought due to changing climate
and animal death (Thornton et al. 2009; Awojobi and Tetteh 2017).
Agricultural production significantly contributes to the GDP of some of the countries of the Asia and Pacific regions and is a source of employment for a large part of
the population in many of the developing member countries (ADB 2017). Declining
soil productivity, groundwater depletion, as well as increased pest incidence and
salinity associated with changing climates threaten the sustainability and food security of the region (Wassmann et al. 2009; ADB 2017). Assessments of climate change
impacts on agricultural production in Asia and the Pacific region have shown that
despite regional variations, both biophysical climate impacts, as well as ensuing
impacts on development, are likely to be greatly substantial (Hijioka et al. 2014;
Schellnhuber et al. 2014; Vinke et al. 2016). Winter monsoons in Arid Asia, India
and Southeast Asia have been predicted to decline significantly affecting agricultural
production (Preston et al. 2006). Any increase in rainfall amounts in the region due
to climate change will be offset by rising temperatures, posing a challenge to agriculture, stressing crops and reducing yields (Mendelsohn 2005; Preston et al. 2006).
Climate change estimates suggest relatively large increases in temperatures, with the
potential for warming in excess of 5 °C for continental Asia (Preston et al. 2006).
The low lying and very flat country of Bangladesh is one of the countries most
severely affected by climate change in the region (Vinke et al. 2016). High geographic
vulnerability coincides with higher populations consisting of mostly poor income
groups heavily reliant on subsistence agriculture. Severe floods/flash flooding (almost
80% of the country prone to flooding), droughts and cyclones/storms on the South and
south-eastern parts of the country have been prevalent, causing crop losses (Preston
et al. 2006; Wassman et al. 2009b; Chen et al. 2012; IPCC 2014; Sikder and Xiaoying
2014). These extreme climate events occur in Bangladesh almost annually and sometimes more than once a year, affecting crop agriculture, particularly rice production
(MoEF 2005; Yamin et al. 2005). Rice plays a leading role by contributing 95% of
the total food production in Bangladesh (GoB 2010), with any changes in climate
thus having a profound effect on its productivity. Other climatic change impacts like
extreme temperatures and salinity intrusion have also contributed to a significant
reduction in crop yields in Bangladesh, which have also come with a reduction in