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H. Dwinantoaji et al.
health impacts, and the role of health cadres in flood risk management and PHC
provisions as the climate change adaptation strategies.
12.3 Methodology
An exploratory case study approach was carried out from April to June 2018 in
Kemijen, Semarang. Data were obtained through surveys, field observations, and
literature studies. In total, 102 health cadres were chosen through total sampling.
The primary data was collected through surveys, face-to-face in-depth interviews,
and field observations. Meanwhile, the secondary data was retrieved from the literature and data from local institutional actors. A field survey, face-to-face in-depth
interview, and observations were conducted to investigate the experience of health
cadres in Kemijen regarding floods, their negative environmental health due to floods
and their strategies for adaptation. The characteristics of respondents, floods, and the
negative environmental health due to floods were presented by using graphs and
charts. Furthermore, we show the pathways by which climate change can impact on
health and potential PHC adaptive strategies.
12.4 Results: Urban Vulnerability in the Context
of Climate Change
Climate change is also predicted to cause more flooding in some regions due to
more frequent heavy rainfall events. Coastal communities are especially vulnerable to coastal surges exacerbated by a combination of rising sea levels and more
intense storms (Nicholls and Cazenave 2010; Harwitasari and Ast 2011; Marfai
et al. 2008). Recent climate observations indicate that the dry season in Semarang is
becoming longer with more intense rainfall events occurring during the rainy season
(Pachauri et al. 2014). This changing rainfall pattern contributes to existing problems with flooding and drought. Many poor urban communities are situated in parts
of Semarang city that are at high risk of climate change impacts from floods and
coastal inundation. Currently, almost all of Semarang’s districts experience severe
disruption of unclean water, pollution of sanitation system, infectious diseases, inadequate access to health care, food availability, and safety from flooding (Pachauri
et al. 2014; Network 2009; Harwitasari and Ast 2011; Zhu et al. 2010). Residences
on the coast are particularly at risk from SLR and land subsidence. Human activities such as infrastructure development and groundwater exploitation became the
driving factors of the land subsidence, especially in the North Semarang (Harwitasari
and Ast 2011). The soil structure in this area tends to be sandy so it is very easy to
subside (Marfai et al. 2008). Hence, there are some concerns that this might stimulate
migration from coastal areas to other parts of the city, creating additional social and
H. Dwinantoaji et al.
health impacts, and the role of health cadres in flood risk management and PHC
provisions as the climate change adaptation strategies.
12.3 Methodology
An exploratory case study approach was carried out from April to June 2018 in
Kemijen, Semarang. Data were obtained through surveys, field observations, and
literature studies. In total, 102 health cadres were chosen through total sampling.
The primary data was collected through surveys, face-to-face in-depth interviews,
and field observations. Meanwhile, the secondary data was retrieved from the literature and data from local institutional actors. A field survey, face-to-face in-depth
interview, and observations were conducted to investigate the experience of health
cadres in Kemijen regarding floods, their negative environmental health due to floods
and their strategies for adaptation. The characteristics of respondents, floods, and the
negative environmental health due to floods were presented by using graphs and
charts. Furthermore, we show the pathways by which climate change can impact on
health and potential PHC adaptive strategies.
12.4 Results: Urban Vulnerability in the Context
of Climate Change
Climate change is also predicted to cause more flooding in some regions due to
more frequent heavy rainfall events. Coastal communities are especially vulnerable to coastal surges exacerbated by a combination of rising sea levels and more
intense storms (Nicholls and Cazenave 2010; Harwitasari and Ast 2011; Marfai
et al. 2008). Recent climate observations indicate that the dry season in Semarang is
becoming longer with more intense rainfall events occurring during the rainy season
(Pachauri et al. 2014). This changing rainfall pattern contributes to existing problems with flooding and drought. Many poor urban communities are situated in parts
of Semarang city that are at high risk of climate change impacts from floods and
coastal inundation. Currently, almost all of Semarang’s districts experience severe
disruption of unclean water, pollution of sanitation system, infectious diseases, inadequate access to health care, food availability, and safety from flooding (Pachauri
et al. 2014; Network 2009; Harwitasari and Ast 2011; Zhu et al. 2010). Residences
on the coast are particularly at risk from SLR and land subsidence. Human activities such as infrastructure development and groundwater exploitation became the
driving factors of the land subsidence, especially in the North Semarang (Harwitasari
and Ast 2011). The soil structure in this area tends to be sandy so it is very easy to
subside (Marfai et al. 2008). Hence, there are some concerns that this might stimulate
migration from coastal areas to other parts of the city, creating additional social and