12 Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Primary Health Care
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rise (SLR) that may threaten the coastal regions of the world and impact human life.
Due to climate change, the global mean sea level has been observed to rise about
15–20 cm in the past century (Pachauri et al. 2014; Nicholls and Cazenave 2010;
Moore et al. 2010), and it is predicted that this rise will continue in the twenty-first
century (Moore et al. 2010).
The health impacts of climate change can occur through a number of direct
and indirect causal pathways, and the severity is in part determined by the adaptive capacity of the population (McMichael and Lindgren 2011). Those groups at
risk include poorer countries and communities, those geographically vulnerable
to extreme weather events, and those highly dependent on agriculture for their
livelihood.
Indonesia is already experiencing prolonged droughts, increases in temperature,
and increased frequency of extreme weather events and heavy rainfall, all of which
are expected to intensify with climate change (Network 2009). As an archipelago, the
country is exceptionally vulnerable to SLR and the inundation of coastal areas. Global
estimates of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that the
sea level in Indonesia will rise 100 cm due to increased sea water temperature from
1.3 degree Celsius to 4.6 degree Celsius in the year 2100 (McMichael and Lindgren
2011; Zhu et al. 2010). It will clearly deepen the stress of coastal areas, causing floods,
erosion of the shores, and destruction of coastal structure (Harwitasari and Ast 2011;
Zhu et al. 2010) and will increase health problems that it is largely attributable to a
decrease in water quality and seawater intrusion into the freshwater sources.
Kemijen urban village is located in the northeast part of the East Semarang subdistrict on the northern coast of the island of Java, Indonesia which is one of the slum
areas in Semarang city. In Kemijen, the worst floods occur as tidal floods; these
are caused by a combination of coastal floods and flood tides (Harwitasari and Ast
2011; Marfai et al. 2008); this is then further reinforced by possible waves and SLR
(Marfai et al. 2008). The tidal floods have a major impact on the coastal areas in
Kemijen, Semarang. Floods can negatively affect drinking water, sanitation, access
to health care, and safe food. Floods happened has the potential to be in human
insecurity for inhabitants. Key health impacts of climate change are considered from
the perspective of extreme weather events, infectious diseases, and drought-related
problems.
WHO had demonstrated the important role of community health volunteers
(CHVs) in achieving Goal 3 related to health indicators in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The CHVs in Indonesia are known as health cadres, were built on
the national women’s Family Welfare Movement (PKK) in the 1970s (World Health
Organization 2012). They were trained to conduct health and nutrition promotion
activities in each village. Health cadres are selected by their communities based on
a set of characteristics, including educational achievement, how integrated they are
within the community, personality, dedication to service, and willingness to commit
to the time requirements to support services at the integrated health services post
(Posyandu). The aim of study was to explore the adaptation strategies the Kemijen’s
health cadres take to reduce the negative effects of floods on human health. Additionally, we overviewed the evidence for human-induced climate change, the predicted
217
rise (SLR) that may threaten the coastal regions of the world and impact human life.
Due to climate change, the global mean sea level has been observed to rise about
15–20 cm in the past century (Pachauri et al. 2014; Nicholls and Cazenave 2010;
Moore et al. 2010), and it is predicted that this rise will continue in the twenty-first
century (Moore et al. 2010).
The health impacts of climate change can occur through a number of direct
and indirect causal pathways, and the severity is in part determined by the adaptive capacity of the population (McMichael and Lindgren 2011). Those groups at
risk include poorer countries and communities, those geographically vulnerable
to extreme weather events, and those highly dependent on agriculture for their
livelihood.
Indonesia is already experiencing prolonged droughts, increases in temperature,
and increased frequency of extreme weather events and heavy rainfall, all of which
are expected to intensify with climate change (Network 2009). As an archipelago, the
country is exceptionally vulnerable to SLR and the inundation of coastal areas. Global
estimates of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that the
sea level in Indonesia will rise 100 cm due to increased sea water temperature from
1.3 degree Celsius to 4.6 degree Celsius in the year 2100 (McMichael and Lindgren
2011; Zhu et al. 2010). It will clearly deepen the stress of coastal areas, causing floods,
erosion of the shores, and destruction of coastal structure (Harwitasari and Ast 2011;
Zhu et al. 2010) and will increase health problems that it is largely attributable to a
decrease in water quality and seawater intrusion into the freshwater sources.
Kemijen urban village is located in the northeast part of the East Semarang subdistrict on the northern coast of the island of Java, Indonesia which is one of the slum
areas in Semarang city. In Kemijen, the worst floods occur as tidal floods; these
are caused by a combination of coastal floods and flood tides (Harwitasari and Ast
2011; Marfai et al. 2008); this is then further reinforced by possible waves and SLR
(Marfai et al. 2008). The tidal floods have a major impact on the coastal areas in
Kemijen, Semarang. Floods can negatively affect drinking water, sanitation, access
to health care, and safe food. Floods happened has the potential to be in human
insecurity for inhabitants. Key health impacts of climate change are considered from
the perspective of extreme weather events, infectious diseases, and drought-related
problems.
WHO had demonstrated the important role of community health volunteers
(CHVs) in achieving Goal 3 related to health indicators in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The CHVs in Indonesia are known as health cadres, were built on
the national women’s Family Welfare Movement (PKK) in the 1970s (World Health
Organization 2012). They were trained to conduct health and nutrition promotion
activities in each village. Health cadres are selected by their communities based on
a set of characteristics, including educational achievement, how integrated they are
within the community, personality, dedication to service, and willingness to commit
to the time requirements to support services at the integrated health services post
(Posyandu). The aim of study was to explore the adaptation strategies the Kemijen’s
health cadres take to reduce the negative effects of floods on human health. Additionally, we overviewed the evidence for human-induced climate change, the predicted