Index
A
Acacia, 79, 98, 101, 120
Actinomycetes, 86, 87, 109
Africa, 1, 8, 32, 38, 114
Agricultural, 8, 10, 13, 15–18, 20–26, 28, 37, 44, 48, 55, 61, 63–65,
67–71, 74, 76, 85, 86, 113–115, 120
Agricultural activities, 1, 3–5, 9, 47, 63, 64, 70, 71, 74, 80, 84, 114
Agricultural development, 1, 10, 13, 17, 19, 21, 65, 68, 70, 85, 118,
120
Agricultural land, 6, 10, 14, 28, 63, 73, 76, 80, 97, 104, 113, 114, 120
Agricultural production, 6, 24, 29, 63, 67, 70, 71
Agriculture, 3, 8–10, 13, 17–25, 28–30, 48, 49, 63–65, 67, 68, 70, 71,
73, 74, 77, 80, 85, 100, 113, 117, 118, 120, 121
Alfisols, 47, 50, 51, 58, 61, 64
Alhamah, 14
Al Jabal Al Akhdar, 1–4, 14, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 40–45, 47, 48,
50, 58–61, 68, 74, 76, 83, 85–87, 91, 94, 98, 104, 110
Alluvial soils, 1
Arable land, 1, 73, 74, 76, 80, 107
Argids, 51, 57
Argillic horizon, 45, 57–59
Arid, 1, 4, 24, 25, 29, 32, 42, 49, 50, 63, 66, 69, 73, 84, 86, 97, 98, 116
Arid and semi-arid, 1, 45, 55, 61, 65, 84, 86, 96, 97, 100–102, 106,
110, 113, 117
Aridic, 34, 116
Aridisols, 31, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 54, 61, 64, 65
Arid regions, 2, 14, 31, 38, 43, 65, 67, 97, 113
Aspergillus, 88–94, 96, 97
Autumn, 2, 3, 57, 116
Azospirillum, 87, 107
Azotobacter, 107–109
B
Bacteria, 43, 85–87, 94, 101, 103, 104, 107–109
Benghazi, 2, 3, 18, 33, 36, 37, 40, 44, 45, 56, 57, 66, 83, 87, 101, 119
Biodiversity, 119, 120
Bioremediation, 85, 109, 110
C
Calcids, 42, 51, 54, 67
Calcium carbonate, 1, 24, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 54, 57, 59, 60, 63, 67
Cambids, 51, 57
Challenges, 1–3, 8–10, 14, 84, 85, 100, 101, 110, 113–115, 120
Characteristic, 1, 4, 8, 14, 22, 23, 31, 42, 45, 50, 53, 54, 60, 63, 64, 69,
71, 87, 96, 101, 103, 106, 107, 114, 116, 119
Classification, 18, 19, 21–26, 28, 29, 32, 33, 45, 47–50, 52–60, 67, 73,
74, 97
Climate, 2, 4, 15, 20, 24, 25, 28, 31–33, 36, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 55,
57, 63, 67–69, 71, 76, 84–87, 99, 110, 113–117, 119, 121
Climate change, 1, 8–10, 20, 114, 120
Coastal, 1–3, 6, 7, 9, 13, 16, 22–24, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 40, 41, 45, 54,
56, 66, 68, 73, 74, 76, 79, 94, 98, 115, 117
Coastal strip, 6, 37, 40, 44, 76, 86, 119
Coastline, 8, 9, 32, 34, 47, 87, 120
Crop, 1, 5, 9, 10, 14, 16–18, 20, 24, 25, 28, 35, 36, 51, 55, 63–69, 73,
74, 76, 77, 80–83, 95, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 107, 114, 115
Cropland, 117
Cropping pattern, 80
Crop production, 9, 73, 80, 84
Crude oil, 8, 109
Cultivation, 4, 9, 16, 35, 63, 67, 68, 74, 76, 83, 98, 100, 104, 115, 120
Cyrenaica, 16, 21, 97
D
Deforestation, 83, 115–117
Degradation, 5, 10, 63, 65, 71, 107, 109, 110, 113–115, 119, 120
Depressions, 6, 28, 38, 47, 48, 55, 61, 65, 73, 74
Desert, 1–4, 13, 24, 32–38, 40, 41, 45, 47, 48, 53–55, 61, 65, 68, 73,
74, 76, 79, 80, 84, 86–88, 96, 98, 99, 109, 114, 116
Desertification, 1, 3, 5, 8, 20, 29, 63, 71, 113–121
Diagnostic, 1, 42, 45, 48, 54
Disease, 70, 91, 94
Diversity, 1, 47, 73, 76, 86, 96–98, 101, 110
Drought, 2, 8, 20, 45, 60, 74, 85, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 110, 114, 116
E
Entisols, 31, 40, 45, 47, 48, 50–54, 61, 64, 65, 67
Environmental issues, 8, 113
Environment General Authority, 3, 5
Exchangeable sodium percentage, 24, 44, 57, 66, 67
F
Faculty of agriculture, 13, 17–20, 28, 86
Fertility, 6, 54, 60, 64, 76, 98
Fezzan, 29, 38, 40, 98–103
Fluvents, 42, 51, 53, 54
Food production, 3, 10
Food security, 1, 9, 10, 20, 26, 61, 113, 114
Fruit, 10, 15, 16, 51, 57, 73, 76, 80
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
H. A. Zurqani (ed.), The Soils of Libya, World Soils Book Series,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66368-1
129
A
Acacia, 79, 98, 101, 120
Actinomycetes, 86, 87, 109
Africa, 1, 8, 32, 38, 114
Agricultural, 8, 10, 13, 15–18, 20–26, 28, 37, 44, 48, 55, 61, 63–65,
67–71, 74, 76, 85, 86, 113–115, 120
Agricultural activities, 1, 3–5, 9, 47, 63, 64, 70, 71, 74, 80, 84, 114
Agricultural development, 1, 10, 13, 17, 19, 21, 65, 68, 70, 85, 118,
120
Agricultural land, 6, 10, 14, 28, 63, 73, 76, 80, 97, 104, 113, 114, 120
Agricultural production, 6, 24, 29, 63, 67, 70, 71
Agriculture, 3, 8–10, 13, 17–25, 28–30, 48, 49, 63–65, 67, 68, 70, 71,
73, 74, 77, 80, 85, 100, 113, 117, 118, 120, 121
Alfisols, 47, 50, 51, 58, 61, 64
Alhamah, 14
Al Jabal Al Akhdar, 1–4, 14, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 40–45, 47, 48,
50, 58–61, 68, 74, 76, 83, 85–87, 91, 94, 98, 104, 110
Alluvial soils, 1
Arable land, 1, 73, 74, 76, 80, 107
Argids, 51, 57
Argillic horizon, 45, 57–59
Arid, 1, 4, 24, 25, 29, 32, 42, 49, 50, 63, 66, 69, 73, 84, 86, 97, 98, 116
Arid and semi-arid, 1, 45, 55, 61, 65, 84, 86, 96, 97, 100–102, 106,
110, 113, 117
Aridic, 34, 116
Aridisols, 31, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 54, 61, 64, 65
Arid regions, 2, 14, 31, 38, 43, 65, 67, 97, 113
Aspergillus, 88–94, 96, 97
Autumn, 2, 3, 57, 116
Azospirillum, 87, 107
Azotobacter, 107–109
B
Bacteria, 43, 85–87, 94, 101, 103, 104, 107–109
Benghazi, 2, 3, 18, 33, 36, 37, 40, 44, 45, 56, 57, 66, 83, 87, 101, 119
Biodiversity, 119, 120
Bioremediation, 85, 109, 110
C
Calcids, 42, 51, 54, 67
Calcium carbonate, 1, 24, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 54, 57, 59, 60, 63, 67
Cambids, 51, 57
Challenges, 1–3, 8–10, 14, 84, 85, 100, 101, 110, 113–115, 120
Characteristic, 1, 4, 8, 14, 22, 23, 31, 42, 45, 50, 53, 54, 60, 63, 64, 69,
71, 87, 96, 101, 103, 106, 107, 114, 116, 119
Classification, 18, 19, 21–26, 28, 29, 32, 33, 45, 47–50, 52–60, 67, 73,
74, 97
Climate, 2, 4, 15, 20, 24, 25, 28, 31–33, 36, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 55,
57, 63, 67–69, 71, 76, 84–87, 99, 110, 113–117, 119, 121
Climate change, 1, 8–10, 20, 114, 120
Coastal, 1–3, 6, 7, 9, 13, 16, 22–24, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 40, 41, 45, 54,
56, 66, 68, 73, 74, 76, 79, 94, 98, 115, 117
Coastal strip, 6, 37, 40, 44, 76, 86, 119
Coastline, 8, 9, 32, 34, 47, 87, 120
Crop, 1, 5, 9, 10, 14, 16–18, 20, 24, 25, 28, 35, 36, 51, 55, 63–69, 73,
74, 76, 77, 80–83, 95, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 107, 114, 115
Cropland, 117
Cropping pattern, 80
Crop production, 9, 73, 80, 84
Crude oil, 8, 109
Cultivation, 4, 9, 16, 35, 63, 67, 68, 74, 76, 83, 98, 100, 104, 115, 120
Cyrenaica, 16, 21, 97
D
Deforestation, 83, 115–117
Degradation, 5, 10, 63, 65, 71, 107, 109, 110, 113–115, 119, 120
Depressions, 6, 28, 38, 47, 48, 55, 61, 65, 73, 74
Desert, 1–4, 13, 24, 32–38, 40, 41, 45, 47, 48, 53–55, 61, 65, 68, 73,
74, 76, 79, 80, 84, 86–88, 96, 98, 99, 109, 114, 116
Desertification, 1, 3, 5, 8, 20, 29, 63, 71, 113–121
Diagnostic, 1, 42, 45, 48, 54
Disease, 70, 91, 94
Diversity, 1, 47, 73, 76, 86, 96–98, 101, 110
Drought, 2, 8, 20, 45, 60, 74, 85, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 110, 114, 116
E
Entisols, 31, 40, 45, 47, 48, 50–54, 61, 64, 65, 67
Environmental issues, 8, 113
Environment General Authority, 3, 5
Exchangeable sodium percentage, 24, 44, 57, 66, 67
F
Faculty of agriculture, 13, 17–20, 28, 86
Fertility, 6, 54, 60, 64, 76, 98
Fezzan, 29, 38, 40, 98–103
Fluvents, 42, 51, 53, 54
Food production, 3, 10
Food security, 1, 9, 10, 20, 26, 61, 113, 114
Fruit, 10, 15, 16, 51, 57, 73, 76, 80
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
H. A. Zurqani (ed.), The Soils of Libya, World Soils Book Series,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66368-1
129