(Paralithic), “masa-do” type (Granitic), and consolidated
rock type (Typic).
Granitic Terrestrial Regosols are immature soils derived
from weathered granite. Weathered granites contain coarse
grains of primary minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica.
Due to their coarse texture, these soils have no to slight
stickiness, and high permeability. Accordingly, lands containing weathered granites have a risk of landslides when
heavy rainfalls. Granitic Terrestrial Regosols have a low water
and nutrient storage capacity. These soils are used for forest,
orchard, tea fields, and upland crops. On stable land surfaces,
these soils will change to Brown Forest soils or Red-Yellow
soils when enough time is available for the development of a B
horizon (Kanno et al. 1951; Imaya et al. 2005).
Marlitic Terrestrial Regosols in Okinawa Prefecture are
gray-colored immature soils derived from marl. These are
rather fertile soils that have alkaline to neutral soil reaction
and high CEC (more than 20 cmol/kg). However, these soils
have a clayey and silty texture and low to extremely low
permeability. Therefore, the risk of water damage is one of
the major problems in these soils for upland crop cultivation.
These soils are used for upland crops such as sugarcane and
vegetables. Marlitic Terrestrial Regosols will change to
Eutrosols, Brown Forest soils, or Red-Yellow soils after
cambic (Bw) or argillic (Bt) horizon development (Maejima
et al. 2007; Kinjo et al. 2014).
References
Akagi I, Inoue Y, Nagatomo Y (2003) Pedological properties of
Red-Yellow soils (paleo-Red soils) in southern Kyushu. Jpn J Soil
Sci Plant Nutr 74:623–630 (in Japanese with English summary)
Araki S (1993) Comparative study of Kunigami Mahji and Feichisha
Soils in Okinawa Islands, among Red-Yellow soils of the world.
Pedologist 37:113–125 (in Japanese)
Bockheim J (2011) Distribution and genesis of ortstein and placic
horizons in soils of the USA: a review. Soil Sci Soc Am J 75:994–
1005
Buol SW, Southard RJ, Graham RC, McDaniel PA 2011: Histosols:
organic soils. In: Buol SW et al (eds) Soil genesis and classification,
6th edn. Wiley and Blackwell, West Sussex, pp 307–320
Committee for Soil Classification and Nomenclature (1986) Unified
soil classification system of Japan (1st Approximation). Pedologist
30:123–139
Cultivated Soil Classification Committee (1983) Classification of
cultivated soils in Japan. Second Approximation Revised version,
National Institute for Agricultural Technology (in Japanese)
Cultivated Soil Classification Committee (1995) Classification of
cultivated soils in Japan, Third Approximation, Misc. Publ. Nat
Inst Agro-Environ Sci 17:1–79 (in Japanese)
De Coninck F (1980) Major mechanisms in formation of spodic
horizons. Geoderma 24:101–128
Duchaufour P, Souchier B (1978) Roles of iron and clay in genesis of
acid soils under a humid, temperate climate. Geoderma 20:15–26
Edamura T, Kumagai K (2009) The dispersion of Jomon Ruins. Theory
Appl GIS 17:63–72 (in Japanese)
Endo K (1966) Classification and nomenclature of the soils distributed
in mountainous warm-temperate forest regions of Japan. Pedologist
10:2–10 (in Japanese with English summary)
Endo K (1969) Classification of the brown forest soils and related soils
in Japan. Pedologist 13:43–46 (in Japanese)
FAO (1998) World reference base for soil resources, by ISSS–ISRIC–
FAO. World Soil Resources Report No. 84. Rome
Farmer VC (1982) Significance of the presence of allophane and
imogolite in podzol Bs horizons for podzolization mechanisms: a
review. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 28:571–578
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015) World
reference base for soil resources 2014. World Soil Resources
Reports 106, Rome
Forest Soil Division (1976) Classification of forest soil in Japan (1975),
Bull Gov For Exp Sta 280:1–28. (in Japanese with English
summary)
Forest soils of Japan edit Committee (1983) Forest soils of Japan. Japan
Forest Technical Association, Tokyo (in Japanese)
Fujii K, Funakawa S, Hayakawa C, Kosaki T (2008) Contribution of
different proton sources to pedogenetic soil acidification in forested
ecosystems in Japan. Geoderma 144:478–490
Fujii K, Uemura M, Funakawa S, Hayakawa C, Sukartiningsih
Kosaki T, Ohta S (2009) Fluxes of dissolved organic carbon in
two tropical forest ecosystems of East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Geoderma 152:127–136
Fujii K, Hayakawa C, Van Hees PAW, Funakawa S, Kosaki T (2010)
Biodegrada-tion of low molecular weight organic compounds and
their contribution to heterotrophic soil respiration in three Japanese
forest soils. Plant Soil 334:475–489
Fujii K, Funakawa S, Shinjo H, Hayakawa C, Mori K, Kosaki T (2011)
Fluxes of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen throughout
Andisol, Spodosol and Inceptisol profiles under forest in Japan.
Soil Sci Plant Nutr 57:855–866
Fujimura R, Sato Y, Nishizawa T, Nanba K, Oshima K, Hattori M,
Kamijo T, Ohta H (2012) Analysis of early bacterial communities
on volcanic deposits on the Island of Miyake (Miyake-jima), Japan:
a 6-year study at a fixed site. Microbes Environ 27:19–29
Fujimura R, Kim S, Sato S, Oshima K, Hattori M, Kamijo T, Ohta H
(2016) Unique pioneer microbial communities exposed to volcanic
sulfur dioxide. Sci Rep 6(Article number: 19687)
Fujita H, Takada M, Kaneko M (1997) Inventory of the present
wetlands in Hokkaido, Japan. In: Report of the pro natura
foundation. The Pro Natura Foundation, Tokyo, pp 3–14. (in
Japanese)
Funakawa S, Hirai H, Kyuma K (1992) Soil-forming processes under
natural forest north of Kyoto in relation to soil solution composition. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 38:101–112
Funakawa S (1993) Soil-forming processes under natural forest in
northern Kyoto. Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Galbraith J (2018) Human-altered and human-transported (HAHT)
soils in the U.S. soil classification system. Soil Sci Plant Nutr
64:190–199
GIO (Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan) (2012) National
greenhouse gas inventory report of Japan. National Institute of
Environment (NIES), Tokyo
Guo Y, Fujimura R, Sato Y, Suda Y, Kim S, Oshima K, Hattori M,
Kamijo T, Narisawa K, Ohta H (2014) Characterization of early
microbial communities on volcanic deposits along a vegetation
gradient on the Island of Miyake, Japan. Microbes Environ 29
(1):38–49
Hamazaki T (1993) Moisture regime and its pedogenic roles in
anthraquic paddy soils. Pedologist 37:15–27 (in Japanese and
English summary)
Harrison AF, Harkness DD, Rowland AP, Garnette JS, Bacon PJ
(2000) Annual carbon and nitrogen fluxes in soils along European
128
Y. Takata et al.
rock type (Typic).
Granitic Terrestrial Regosols are immature soils derived
from weathered granite. Weathered granites contain coarse
grains of primary minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica.
Due to their coarse texture, these soils have no to slight
stickiness, and high permeability. Accordingly, lands containing weathered granites have a risk of landslides when
heavy rainfalls. Granitic Terrestrial Regosols have a low water
and nutrient storage capacity. These soils are used for forest,
orchard, tea fields, and upland crops. On stable land surfaces,
these soils will change to Brown Forest soils or Red-Yellow
soils when enough time is available for the development of a B
horizon (Kanno et al. 1951; Imaya et al. 2005).
Marlitic Terrestrial Regosols in Okinawa Prefecture are
gray-colored immature soils derived from marl. These are
rather fertile soils that have alkaline to neutral soil reaction
and high CEC (more than 20 cmol/kg). However, these soils
have a clayey and silty texture and low to extremely low
permeability. Therefore, the risk of water damage is one of
the major problems in these soils for upland crop cultivation.
These soils are used for upland crops such as sugarcane and
vegetables. Marlitic Terrestrial Regosols will change to
Eutrosols, Brown Forest soils, or Red-Yellow soils after
cambic (Bw) or argillic (Bt) horizon development (Maejima
et al. 2007; Kinjo et al. 2014).
References
Akagi I, Inoue Y, Nagatomo Y (2003) Pedological properties of
Red-Yellow soils (paleo-Red soils) in southern Kyushu. Jpn J Soil
Sci Plant Nutr 74:623–630 (in Japanese with English summary)
Araki S (1993) Comparative study of Kunigami Mahji and Feichisha
Soils in Okinawa Islands, among Red-Yellow soils of the world.
Pedologist 37:113–125 (in Japanese)
Bockheim J (2011) Distribution and genesis of ortstein and placic
horizons in soils of the USA: a review. Soil Sci Soc Am J 75:994–
1005
Buol SW, Southard RJ, Graham RC, McDaniel PA 2011: Histosols:
organic soils. In: Buol SW et al (eds) Soil genesis and classification,
6th edn. Wiley and Blackwell, West Sussex, pp 307–320
Committee for Soil Classification and Nomenclature (1986) Unified
soil classification system of Japan (1st Approximation). Pedologist
30:123–139
Cultivated Soil Classification Committee (1983) Classification of
cultivated soils in Japan. Second Approximation Revised version,
National Institute for Agricultural Technology (in Japanese)
Cultivated Soil Classification Committee (1995) Classification of
cultivated soils in Japan, Third Approximation, Misc. Publ. Nat
Inst Agro-Environ Sci 17:1–79 (in Japanese)
De Coninck F (1980) Major mechanisms in formation of spodic
horizons. Geoderma 24:101–128
Duchaufour P, Souchier B (1978) Roles of iron and clay in genesis of
acid soils under a humid, temperate climate. Geoderma 20:15–26
Edamura T, Kumagai K (2009) The dispersion of Jomon Ruins. Theory
Appl GIS 17:63–72 (in Japanese)
Endo K (1966) Classification and nomenclature of the soils distributed
in mountainous warm-temperate forest regions of Japan. Pedologist
10:2–10 (in Japanese with English summary)
Endo K (1969) Classification of the brown forest soils and related soils
in Japan. Pedologist 13:43–46 (in Japanese)
FAO (1998) World reference base for soil resources, by ISSS–ISRIC–
FAO. World Soil Resources Report No. 84. Rome
Farmer VC (1982) Significance of the presence of allophane and
imogolite in podzol Bs horizons for podzolization mechanisms: a
review. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 28:571–578
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015) World
reference base for soil resources 2014. World Soil Resources
Reports 106, Rome
Forest Soil Division (1976) Classification of forest soil in Japan (1975),
Bull Gov For Exp Sta 280:1–28. (in Japanese with English
summary)
Forest soils of Japan edit Committee (1983) Forest soils of Japan. Japan
Forest Technical Association, Tokyo (in Japanese)
Fujii K, Funakawa S, Hayakawa C, Kosaki T (2008) Contribution of
different proton sources to pedogenetic soil acidification in forested
ecosystems in Japan. Geoderma 144:478–490
Fujii K, Uemura M, Funakawa S, Hayakawa C, Sukartiningsih
Kosaki T, Ohta S (2009) Fluxes of dissolved organic carbon in
two tropical forest ecosystems of East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Geoderma 152:127–136
Fujii K, Hayakawa C, Van Hees PAW, Funakawa S, Kosaki T (2010)
Biodegrada-tion of low molecular weight organic compounds and
their contribution to heterotrophic soil respiration in three Japanese
forest soils. Plant Soil 334:475–489
Fujii K, Funakawa S, Shinjo H, Hayakawa C, Mori K, Kosaki T (2011)
Fluxes of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen throughout
Andisol, Spodosol and Inceptisol profiles under forest in Japan.
Soil Sci Plant Nutr 57:855–866
Fujimura R, Sato Y, Nishizawa T, Nanba K, Oshima K, Hattori M,
Kamijo T, Ohta H (2012) Analysis of early bacterial communities
on volcanic deposits on the Island of Miyake (Miyake-jima), Japan:
a 6-year study at a fixed site. Microbes Environ 27:19–29
Fujimura R, Kim S, Sato S, Oshima K, Hattori M, Kamijo T, Ohta H
(2016) Unique pioneer microbial communities exposed to volcanic
sulfur dioxide. Sci Rep 6(Article number: 19687)
Fujita H, Takada M, Kaneko M (1997) Inventory of the present
wetlands in Hokkaido, Japan. In: Report of the pro natura
foundation. The Pro Natura Foundation, Tokyo, pp 3–14. (in
Japanese)
Funakawa S, Hirai H, Kyuma K (1992) Soil-forming processes under
natural forest north of Kyoto in relation to soil solution composition. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 38:101–112
Funakawa S (1993) Soil-forming processes under natural forest in
northern Kyoto. Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Galbraith J (2018) Human-altered and human-transported (HAHT)
soils in the U.S. soil classification system. Soil Sci Plant Nutr
64:190–199
GIO (Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan) (2012) National
greenhouse gas inventory report of Japan. National Institute of
Environment (NIES), Tokyo
Guo Y, Fujimura R, Sato Y, Suda Y, Kim S, Oshima K, Hattori M,
Kamijo T, Narisawa K, Ohta H (2014) Characterization of early
microbial communities on volcanic deposits along a vegetation
gradient on the Island of Miyake, Japan. Microbes Environ 29
(1):38–49
Hamazaki T (1993) Moisture regime and its pedogenic roles in
anthraquic paddy soils. Pedologist 37:15–27 (in Japanese and
English summary)
Harrison AF, Harkness DD, Rowland AP, Garnette JS, Bacon PJ
(2000) Annual carbon and nitrogen fluxes in soils along European
128
Y. Takata et al.