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being delivered by road. HIA quantification included calculation of health effects on
the population within a 20-km radius for air pollution based on the dispersion mapping available, inferring exposed population to be over five million people.
HIA conducted to assess the policy for increased funding of before- and afterschool programmes estimated health impacts by extrapolating from the outcomes of
published evaluations of after-school programmes. The outcomes of the assessment
were the following: (1) programmes are not likely to attract high-risk or eligible
low-income youth; (2) academic gains are likely to be not significant due to subsequent health status and earning potential; and (3) risk of fund diversion from other
health programmes (Phillips et al. 2010).
Stakeholders commonly include the following:
• Developers
• Employers and unions
• Health workers at local, national or international levels, Local/national
governments
• Planners
• The decision-makers
• The local community/public, predominantly vulnerable groups
Fig. 2.6 Narrow roads and
absence of parking area
2.1 Introduction
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