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lived in shanty towns in sub-Saharan Africa in 2012 (WHO 2010), 96% of the urban
people in the Central African Republic were in slums in 2009 (UN Habitat 2013)
and 60% of the population in Nairobi live in slums (WHO 2008).
Urbanization is a continuing process, but the speed of the process is not uniform
across the globe. The high-income nations are previously urbanized, and rapid
urbanization is taking place in developing countries with diseases having a big
impact on global health.
Deforestation creates close contact between humans and animals who can be the
host for viruses that were hosted in wildlife. Urbanization has also impeded the
unaffected ecosystems, creating new as well as closer conflict with wildlife, which
is a potential source of zoonotic diseases that make the shift to humans from animal
hosts (Neiderud 2015). Out of 335 emerging infectious ailments, recognized from
1940 to 2004, greater than 60% were zoonotic diseases with human population
density being the common major independent forecaster of Emerging Infectious
disease (Jones et al. 2008).
Bacterial airborne disease tuberculosis (TB) has been the cause of death of 1.7
million people in 2009, with 85% global TB cases occurring in the Asian and
African continents (WHO 2010) with high rates of TB in large cities (Lonnoth et al.
2009; Wood et al. 2010).
Among the 2.6 million new cases of HIV infection in 2009 across the globe, 1.8
million were in sub-Saharan Africa. In several sub-Saharan African nations such as
Zambia and Kenya, HIV prevalence rates among 15- to 49-year-olds were more in
urban areas compared to rural areas (UNAIDS 2008).
9.2 Transportation
Transportation is a key part of the performance of society. In spite of several measures taken in the past, transportation has been a major cause of deaths due to accidents. Accidents are the third leading reason of loss of life in the United States.
Apart from accidents, transportation can affect health due to the following:
• Air pollution
• Spread of infection
• Noise pollution
• Emission of GHGs
In 2009, the bulk of the global population settled in cities compared to countryside and towns (Reyes et al. 2013). Since the 1920–1950s, urban areas in the more
developed countries of the world experienced earlier growth, followed by developing nations (UNSDA 2010).
The rate of entry as well as exit from the community and the relocation of people
to urban areas from rural areas can allow for the importation of diseases and allow
for augmented opportunity to spread globally by international travelling. Travel by
9.2 Transportation
lived in shanty towns in sub-Saharan Africa in 2012 (WHO 2010), 96% of the urban
people in the Central African Republic were in slums in 2009 (UN Habitat 2013)
and 60% of the population in Nairobi live in slums (WHO 2008).
Urbanization is a continuing process, but the speed of the process is not uniform
across the globe. The high-income nations are previously urbanized, and rapid
urbanization is taking place in developing countries with diseases having a big
impact on global health.
Deforestation creates close contact between humans and animals who can be the
host for viruses that were hosted in wildlife. Urbanization has also impeded the
unaffected ecosystems, creating new as well as closer conflict with wildlife, which
is a potential source of zoonotic diseases that make the shift to humans from animal
hosts (Neiderud 2015). Out of 335 emerging infectious ailments, recognized from
1940 to 2004, greater than 60% were zoonotic diseases with human population
density being the common major independent forecaster of Emerging Infectious
disease (Jones et al. 2008).
Bacterial airborne disease tuberculosis (TB) has been the cause of death of 1.7
million people in 2009, with 85% global TB cases occurring in the Asian and
African continents (WHO 2010) with high rates of TB in large cities (Lonnoth et al.
2009; Wood et al. 2010).
Among the 2.6 million new cases of HIV infection in 2009 across the globe, 1.8
million were in sub-Saharan Africa. In several sub-Saharan African nations such as
Zambia and Kenya, HIV prevalence rates among 15- to 49-year-olds were more in
urban areas compared to rural areas (UNAIDS 2008).
9.2 Transportation
Transportation is a key part of the performance of society. In spite of several measures taken in the past, transportation has been a major cause of deaths due to accidents. Accidents are the third leading reason of loss of life in the United States.
Apart from accidents, transportation can affect health due to the following:
• Air pollution
• Spread of infection
• Noise pollution
• Emission of GHGs
In 2009, the bulk of the global population settled in cities compared to countryside and towns (Reyes et al. 2013). Since the 1920–1950s, urban areas in the more
developed countries of the world experienced earlier growth, followed by developing nations (UNSDA 2010).
The rate of entry as well as exit from the community and the relocation of people
to urban areas from rural areas can allow for the importation of diseases and allow
for augmented opportunity to spread globally by international travelling. Travel by
9.2 Transportation