66
S. Turner-Walker et al.
indicators of social and population factors, assets and infrastructure, economy, institutions, natural resources, environmental conditions, and coastal natural disasters.
Finally, under phase five, coastal village cluster priorities were determined through
the ranking and scoring of these results against a set of seven indicators in order to
identify the final target village areas of the programme (MMAF 2016).
The CFS programme taken here as the second case study was first held in Gunung
Kidul District in 2007 with funding from the Ministry of Agriculture whose implementation was in collaboration with the Ketindan Center for Agricultural Training
(BBPP) and the Yogyakarta Special Region of Agriculture. The Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), under the Ministry of Research and
Technology, collects weather, climate and earthquake data from 200 observation
stations placed across the country, and provides information to the public on these
events. Part of their mandate includes carrying out drought prediction in Indonesia
based upon satellite rainfall data. One key aspect under international collaboration is
the development of the Drought Early Warning System (DEWS) within the Climatological Early Warning System. The Indonesian National Disaster Management
Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana/BNPB) manages the local coordination of the DEWS data and forecasts, working with extension officers at the
local levels with farmers. At an operational level, coordination for the climate field in
agriculture is through both the Regional Board of Disaster Management (BPBD) and
district agricultural extension officers. The Department of Agriculture is the leading
national body for coordinating the use of climate information for agricultural planning, in particular for local farmers, through the National Center for Agricultural
Extension Development, with a large portion of agricultural management referred
through the Kabupaten (district) level of government. The CFS programme was
initially established via collaboration between the Seasonal Drought Early Warning
System (SDEWS) and CFS initiatives under the Department of Agriculture and the
National Council on Climate Change (DNPI). Imbedded in a methodology inherited
from the original Farmers Field Schools, established under the UN Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) from the 1980s, the basis for Farmer Field Schools upon
which Climate Field Schools are based is on a methodology consistent of (voluntary) farmer groups and a basis of learning principles for adoption and adapting
and applying these in the field. The basis for farmer field schools uses principles of
learner-centred education based on demonstration plots that allow for experimentation, participation and a comparison of differences so that farmers can assess for themselves the effectiveness of adopting certain practices. The approach was usually also
organised through farmer or extension worker facilitators (Tarrant 2014). Adopting
this methodology for climate adaptation was intended to establish an approach to
responding to climate change that is farmer-driven.
These two programmes highlight the different approaches being implemented via
government agencies under the national adaptation planning actions (RAN-API).
Explicit differences in the approaches and focus of programming are evident between
the two case studies according to the agencies in which they are administered, and
the distinctions between climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction as
key areas in which resilience or adaptive capacity activities were developed. As
S. Turner-Walker et al.
indicators of social and population factors, assets and infrastructure, economy, institutions, natural resources, environmental conditions, and coastal natural disasters.
Finally, under phase five, coastal village cluster priorities were determined through
the ranking and scoring of these results against a set of seven indicators in order to
identify the final target village areas of the programme (MMAF 2016).
The CFS programme taken here as the second case study was first held in Gunung
Kidul District in 2007 with funding from the Ministry of Agriculture whose implementation was in collaboration with the Ketindan Center for Agricultural Training
(BBPP) and the Yogyakarta Special Region of Agriculture. The Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), under the Ministry of Research and
Technology, collects weather, climate and earthquake data from 200 observation
stations placed across the country, and provides information to the public on these
events. Part of their mandate includes carrying out drought prediction in Indonesia
based upon satellite rainfall data. One key aspect under international collaboration is
the development of the Drought Early Warning System (DEWS) within the Climatological Early Warning System. The Indonesian National Disaster Management
Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana/BNPB) manages the local coordination of the DEWS data and forecasts, working with extension officers at the
local levels with farmers. At an operational level, coordination for the climate field in
agriculture is through both the Regional Board of Disaster Management (BPBD) and
district agricultural extension officers. The Department of Agriculture is the leading
national body for coordinating the use of climate information for agricultural planning, in particular for local farmers, through the National Center for Agricultural
Extension Development, with a large portion of agricultural management referred
through the Kabupaten (district) level of government. The CFS programme was
initially established via collaboration between the Seasonal Drought Early Warning
System (SDEWS) and CFS initiatives under the Department of Agriculture and the
National Council on Climate Change (DNPI). Imbedded in a methodology inherited
from the original Farmers Field Schools, established under the UN Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) from the 1980s, the basis for Farmer Field Schools upon
which Climate Field Schools are based is on a methodology consistent of (voluntary) farmer groups and a basis of learning principles for adoption and adapting
and applying these in the field. The basis for farmer field schools uses principles of
learner-centred education based on demonstration plots that allow for experimentation, participation and a comparison of differences so that farmers can assess for themselves the effectiveness of adopting certain practices. The approach was usually also
organised through farmer or extension worker facilitators (Tarrant 2014). Adopting
this methodology for climate adaptation was intended to establish an approach to
responding to climate change that is farmer-driven.
These two programmes highlight the different approaches being implemented via
government agencies under the national adaptation planning actions (RAN-API).
Explicit differences in the approaches and focus of programming are evident between
the two case studies according to the agencies in which they are administered, and
the distinctions between climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction as
key areas in which resilience or adaptive capacity activities were developed. As