62
S. Turner-Walker et al.
locally (Ampri et al. 2014). For adaptation flows, this allocation is largely directed
on institutional strengthening, vulnerability assessments, and mainstreaming adaptation into government planning (Budiman et al. 2016). Notably, local administrations
have limited financial and institutional capacity to implement adaptation activities,
and a strong need remains for adaptation to be integrated into village-level activities. Conversely, figures for 2012, showed Indonesia to have received the highest
amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) after India, aimed specifically at participatory climate change development (with US $6.7 million for participatory adaptation)
(Dougherty et al. 2016). This landscape of climate adaptation finance governs how
adaptation programming is shaped under different framings of adaptation and has
implications that flow on to how climate adaptation development programming is
approached and developed under national adaptation action planning and programmatic outcomes over longer timeframes. Although adaptation as an established goal
has been galvanised under the international policy and climate financing mechanisms through the Paris Agreement, what comprises climate adaptation is unclear
and without agreement for a particular standard, metric or universally accepted definition of what adaptation consists of in practice (Christiansen and Martinez 2018:8).
How adaptation plays out in practice on the ground, or whether adaptation should
be distinct from other traditional modes of development and development activities remains ambiguous (Sherman et al. 2016:708). Measures for evaluating climate
adaptation actions are approached either in measuring a reduction in vulnerability,
tracking and measuring the implementation of adaptation actions (e.g. spend, beneficiaries or infrastructure in place), and the effectiveness of adaptation (IPCC 2014).
Overall, it is not well understood how effective long-term (post-programme implementation), international climate finance translated through national development
programming into local village adaptation interventions in Indonesia, interact in
the longer-term with village-level resource governance, agency and sociocultural
knowledge for instilling enhanced adaptive capacity.
Adaptation Activities Under Indonesia’s National
Adaptation Planning
Under the UNFCCC commitment frameworks, countries are encouraged to develop
national adaptation plans (NAPs) as a means of identifying medium and long-term
adaptation needs, and the strategies and programmes to be developed and implemented as a means of addressing those needs. Although Indonesia is yet to submit
a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) in this process to the UNFCCC, preparation is
underway and planned for 2019/2020 (Sesotyaningtyas 2019). This NAP formulation will serve as a revision of Indonesia’s previous National Action Plan on Climate
Change Adaptation (Rencana Aksi Nasional Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim/RAN-API)
formulated in 2012, and address inputs further into the national development
plan (2020–2024). Alongside the RAN-API, Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral
S. Turner-Walker et al.
locally (Ampri et al. 2014). For adaptation flows, this allocation is largely directed
on institutional strengthening, vulnerability assessments, and mainstreaming adaptation into government planning (Budiman et al. 2016). Notably, local administrations
have limited financial and institutional capacity to implement adaptation activities,
and a strong need remains for adaptation to be integrated into village-level activities. Conversely, figures for 2012, showed Indonesia to have received the highest
amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) after India, aimed specifically at participatory climate change development (with US $6.7 million for participatory adaptation)
(Dougherty et al. 2016). This landscape of climate adaptation finance governs how
adaptation programming is shaped under different framings of adaptation and has
implications that flow on to how climate adaptation development programming is
approached and developed under national adaptation action planning and programmatic outcomes over longer timeframes. Although adaptation as an established goal
has been galvanised under the international policy and climate financing mechanisms through the Paris Agreement, what comprises climate adaptation is unclear
and without agreement for a particular standard, metric or universally accepted definition of what adaptation consists of in practice (Christiansen and Martinez 2018:8).
How adaptation plays out in practice on the ground, or whether adaptation should
be distinct from other traditional modes of development and development activities remains ambiguous (Sherman et al. 2016:708). Measures for evaluating climate
adaptation actions are approached either in measuring a reduction in vulnerability,
tracking and measuring the implementation of adaptation actions (e.g. spend, beneficiaries or infrastructure in place), and the effectiveness of adaptation (IPCC 2014).
Overall, it is not well understood how effective long-term (post-programme implementation), international climate finance translated through national development
programming into local village adaptation interventions in Indonesia, interact in
the longer-term with village-level resource governance, agency and sociocultural
knowledge for instilling enhanced adaptive capacity.
Adaptation Activities Under Indonesia’s National
Adaptation Planning
Under the UNFCCC commitment frameworks, countries are encouraged to develop
national adaptation plans (NAPs) as a means of identifying medium and long-term
adaptation needs, and the strategies and programmes to be developed and implemented as a means of addressing those needs. Although Indonesia is yet to submit
a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) in this process to the UNFCCC, preparation is
underway and planned for 2019/2020 (Sesotyaningtyas 2019). This NAP formulation will serve as a revision of Indonesia’s previous National Action Plan on Climate
Change Adaptation (Rencana Aksi Nasional Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim/RAN-API)
formulated in 2012, and address inputs further into the national development
plan (2020–2024). Alongside the RAN-API, Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral