3 Sea-Level Rise (SLR) and Its Implication on Human Security …
43
Law on 32/2014 on Local Government
Local government plays an important role in climate change adaptation as they are
the closest to the community to adequate adaptation measures. However, regarding
addressing SLR, there is uncertainty and conflicts on coastal management. The
conflict and uncertainty are increasing with the new regional law No 34/2014.
According to this law, district and municipal level do not have any authority anymore
to manage coastal areas. It is stated in article 14 (1) Law No 34/2014 that the authority
and governance of forestry, marine, and energy is divided between central government level and provincial level. Previously, regency and municipal level has the
authority to manage 0–4 mile and provincial level 4–12 mile. With the new law,
currently, provincial level manages 0–12 mile of coastal areas. In the implementation, it is creating conflicts and uncertainty particularly because there is a significant
change on coastal line due to erosion and abrasion and SLR. The provincial level
claims that the permanently inundated land should be managed by provincial level
Marine Affairs and Fisheries Agency, while the municipal level argued that this land
should remain under their authority based on the previous map. In addition, there
is uncertainty whether regency/district level can do mangrove planting program as
now this area has become the responsibility of provincial level. Therefore, there is
no effective response from the local municipal and district level as they wait for the
initiative from provincial and central government levels due to the changing sectoral
approach which becomes a major challenge in managing the coastal areas.
Case Study of SLR Impact on Human Security and Human
Rights in Demak
Semarang and Demak have suffered serious problems with SLR and land subsidence
for 20 years ago. Two case studies in Bedono village and Sri Wulan are highlighted
to illustrate how climate change impacts human security and human rights. The
adaptation conducted by local people is through mobility to a safe place, or some
people are returning to their village as they have some effort from NGOs to plant the
mangroves and use this mangrove as tourism to gain local community livelihood.
Bodono, Demak Central Java
Sea-level rise has caused two sub-districts to be permanently inundated in 1999.
These two districts include Rejosari and Tambak Sari. According to the community,
previously, Bedono is a welfare village, they produce rice and product from aquaculture. However, due to most of the agriculture land has been permanently inundated
now the community finds other sources of livelihoods. People have been forcedly
43
Law on 32/2014 on Local Government
Local government plays an important role in climate change adaptation as they are
the closest to the community to adequate adaptation measures. However, regarding
addressing SLR, there is uncertainty and conflicts on coastal management. The
conflict and uncertainty are increasing with the new regional law No 34/2014.
According to this law, district and municipal level do not have any authority anymore
to manage coastal areas. It is stated in article 14 (1) Law No 34/2014 that the authority
and governance of forestry, marine, and energy is divided between central government level and provincial level. Previously, regency and municipal level has the
authority to manage 0–4 mile and provincial level 4–12 mile. With the new law,
currently, provincial level manages 0–12 mile of coastal areas. In the implementation, it is creating conflicts and uncertainty particularly because there is a significant
change on coastal line due to erosion and abrasion and SLR. The provincial level
claims that the permanently inundated land should be managed by provincial level
Marine Affairs and Fisheries Agency, while the municipal level argued that this land
should remain under their authority based on the previous map. In addition, there
is uncertainty whether regency/district level can do mangrove planting program as
now this area has become the responsibility of provincial level. Therefore, there is
no effective response from the local municipal and district level as they wait for the
initiative from provincial and central government levels due to the changing sectoral
approach which becomes a major challenge in managing the coastal areas.
Case Study of SLR Impact on Human Security and Human
Rights in Demak
Semarang and Demak have suffered serious problems with SLR and land subsidence
for 20 years ago. Two case studies in Bedono village and Sri Wulan are highlighted
to illustrate how climate change impacts human security and human rights. The
adaptation conducted by local people is through mobility to a safe place, or some
people are returning to their village as they have some effort from NGOs to plant the
mangroves and use this mangrove as tourism to gain local community livelihood.
Bodono, Demak Central Java
Sea-level rise has caused two sub-districts to be permanently inundated in 1999.
These two districts include Rejosari and Tambak Sari. According to the community,
previously, Bedono is a welfare village, they produce rice and product from aquaculture. However, due to most of the agriculture land has been permanently inundated
now the community finds other sources of livelihoods. People have been forcedly