16
A. Triyanti et al.
threshold after experiencing shocks or changes (see Walker et al. 2004; Folke et al.
2010; Folke 2006; Olsson et al. 2006; Voss 2008).
According to Folke et al. (2010), the component of adaptability and transformability are considered as crucial to build resilience. While adaptability ensures stability
throughout development trajectory when experiencing changing external drivers
such as climate change impacts and disaster risk, transformability ensures crossing
threshold to a new, better development trajectory (Folke et al. 2010). While transformation is crucial, the preparation for changes is at most important to guide transformability. Walker et al. (2004) has also argued that transformability as the last,
crucial phase of resilience, where a stability of a new system is created. Olsson et al.
(2006) argued that the component of building knowledge, networking and leaderships
are the key factors for preparing changes in the socio-ecological systems. Using the
case study of Everglades, a new novel system configuration and windows of opportunity are found through building knowledge and network, where actors manage to
suspend extant beliefs, question perceptions and contrast possible futures (Olsson
et al. 2006: 18).
The vulnerability theory on the other hand focuses on both environmental and
social condition. It emphasizes the complex mixture and dynamics of variables which
affects the vulnerability of such systems. Environmental system consists of physical
and biophysical factors such as land, climate, ecosystem and its functions. The factor
of social condition includes diverse aspects such as capital distribution, institution,
economic and political system, as well as technology and the impact of emerging
technology to society (see Voss 2008: 49). Voss (2008) also argued that vulnerability
could not be only seen from the perspective of physical aspect, and that of social
aspect is often overlooked. Using the case study of Indonesia, they highlighted an
example of the importance of social aspect in defining the level of vulnerability.
The research discovered that the existing customary rule such as “adat” could shape
society and affect the level of vulnerability of certain community groups. It constructs
the way people understand reality and the value of their lives in the local environment,
including on how they perceive certain event as a disaster as a threat or not.
In the context of environmental and climate change policy, the theory of societal
change ABC (Attitude-Behaviour—and choice) is believed to be a suitable entry
point for social scientists to contribute to the discourse (see Shove 2010: 1273). The
ABC theory argued that the responsibility for responding to climate change lies on
individuals whose behavioural choices will make the difference (Shove 2010: 1283;
Wilson and Chatterton 2011).
Park et al. (2012), extends the transformative concept into decision-making tools
by designing adaptation action cycles. The cycle consists of four phases including
(1) problem structuring and establishing the adaptation arena; (2) developing the
adaptation agenda, vision and pathway; (3) implementing adaptation actions; and
(4) evaluation, monitoring and learning. These phases are tested through a case
study of the wine industry in Australia and their incremental adaptation and transformative adaptation. The incremental adaptation actions are defined as short term
by nature, meanwhile the research revealed that transformative adaptation helped to
ensure long-term changes and enable learning. The research also concluded that the
A. Triyanti et al.
threshold after experiencing shocks or changes (see Walker et al. 2004; Folke et al.
2010; Folke 2006; Olsson et al. 2006; Voss 2008).
According to Folke et al. (2010), the component of adaptability and transformability are considered as crucial to build resilience. While adaptability ensures stability
throughout development trajectory when experiencing changing external drivers
such as climate change impacts and disaster risk, transformability ensures crossing
threshold to a new, better development trajectory (Folke et al. 2010). While transformation is crucial, the preparation for changes is at most important to guide transformability. Walker et al. (2004) has also argued that transformability as the last,
crucial phase of resilience, where a stability of a new system is created. Olsson et al.
(2006) argued that the component of building knowledge, networking and leaderships
are the key factors for preparing changes in the socio-ecological systems. Using the
case study of Everglades, a new novel system configuration and windows of opportunity are found through building knowledge and network, where actors manage to
suspend extant beliefs, question perceptions and contrast possible futures (Olsson
et al. 2006: 18).
The vulnerability theory on the other hand focuses on both environmental and
social condition. It emphasizes the complex mixture and dynamics of variables which
affects the vulnerability of such systems. Environmental system consists of physical
and biophysical factors such as land, climate, ecosystem and its functions. The factor
of social condition includes diverse aspects such as capital distribution, institution,
economic and political system, as well as technology and the impact of emerging
technology to society (see Voss 2008: 49). Voss (2008) also argued that vulnerability
could not be only seen from the perspective of physical aspect, and that of social
aspect is often overlooked. Using the case study of Indonesia, they highlighted an
example of the importance of social aspect in defining the level of vulnerability.
The research discovered that the existing customary rule such as “adat” could shape
society and affect the level of vulnerability of certain community groups. It constructs
the way people understand reality and the value of their lives in the local environment,
including on how they perceive certain event as a disaster as a threat or not.
In the context of environmental and climate change policy, the theory of societal
change ABC (Attitude-Behaviour—and choice) is believed to be a suitable entry
point for social scientists to contribute to the discourse (see Shove 2010: 1273). The
ABC theory argued that the responsibility for responding to climate change lies on
individuals whose behavioural choices will make the difference (Shove 2010: 1283;
Wilson and Chatterton 2011).
Park et al. (2012), extends the transformative concept into decision-making tools
by designing adaptation action cycles. The cycle consists of four phases including
(1) problem structuring and establishing the adaptation arena; (2) developing the
adaptation agenda, vision and pathway; (3) implementing adaptation actions; and
(4) evaluation, monitoring and learning. These phases are tested through a case
study of the wine industry in Australia and their incremental adaptation and transformative adaptation. The incremental adaptation actions are defined as short term
by nature, meanwhile the research revealed that transformative adaptation helped to
ensure long-term changes and enable learning. The research also concluded that the