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N. Novita et al.
palm oil might hamper the economic growth. Hence the solution is to intensify the
yield of oil palm without land expansion or to develop palm oil on degraded dryland.
These actions could bring double benefits: the economic incentives such as REDD+
incentive and eligible to export to EU for biofuel feedstock due to its effort on
reducing deforestation and land degradation.
In this study, we have quantified ecosystem C stocks of forests and oil palm plantations but have not examined the land-use transitions, including critical initial phases
of land conversion entailing the losses associated with slash and burn. Future studies
are needed to assess long-term chronosequences of ecosystem carbon dynamics
associated with land use land cover change in the tropical peatlands.
Funding This study was possible through funding provided by the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID) to the Center for International Forestry Research. This work
was carried out as part of the Sustainable Wetland Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP).
Literature Cited
Adame MF, Santini NS, Tovilla C, Vázquez-Lule A, Castro L, Guevara M (2015) Carbon stocks
and soil sequestration rates of tropical riverine wetlands. Biogeosciences 12:3805–3818
BSN [Badan Standardisasi Nasional] (2011) Pengukuran dan penghitungan cadangan karbonPengukuran lapangan untuk penaksiran cadangan karbon hutan (ground based forest carbon
accounting). Indonesia
Basuki I (2017) Carbon stocks and emission factors of tropical peat swamp forests in respond to land
cover changes in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, USA
Bhomia RK, van Lent J, Grandez-Rios JM, Hergoualc’h K, Honorio Coronado EN, Murdiyarso D
(2019) Impacts of Mauritia flexuosa degradation on the carbon stocks of freshwater peatlands
in the Pastaza-Maranon river basin of the Peruvian Amazon. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change
24(4):645–668
Cairns MA, Brown S, Helmer EH, Baumgardner GA (1997) Root biomass allocation in the world’s
upland forests. Oecologia 111:1–11
Chao KJ, Phillips OL, Baker TR (2008) Wood density and stocks of coarse woody debris in a
northwestern Amazonian landscape. Can J For Res 38:795–805
Chimner RA, Ewel KC (2005) A tropical freshwater wetland: II. Production, decomposition, and
peat formation. Wetlands Ecol Manage 13:671–684
Corley RHV, Gray BS, Kee NS (1971) Productivity of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in
Malaysia. Exp Agric 7:129–136
Davies SJ, Ashton PS (1999) Phenology and fecundity in 11 sympatric pioneer species of Macaranga
(Euphorbiaceae) in Borneo. Am J Bot 86:1786–1795
Dommain R, Couwenberg J, Joosten H (2011) Development and carbon sequestration of tropical
peat domes in south-east Asia: links to post-glacial sea-level changes and Holocene climate
variability. Quatern Sci Rev 30(7–8):999–1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.01.018
Donato DC, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D, Kurnianto S, Stidham M, Kanninen M (2011) Mangroves
among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nat Geosci 4:293–297
Draper FC, Roucoux KH, Lawson IT, Mitchard ET, Coronado ENH, Outi L, Montenegro LT,
Sandoval EV, Baker TR (2014) The distribution and amount of carbon in the largest peat land
complex in Amazonia. Environ Res Lett 9:124017
N. Novita et al.
palm oil might hamper the economic growth. Hence the solution is to intensify the
yield of oil palm without land expansion or to develop palm oil on degraded dryland.
These actions could bring double benefits: the economic incentives such as REDD+
incentive and eligible to export to EU for biofuel feedstock due to its effort on
reducing deforestation and land degradation.
In this study, we have quantified ecosystem C stocks of forests and oil palm plantations but have not examined the land-use transitions, including critical initial phases
of land conversion entailing the losses associated with slash and burn. Future studies
are needed to assess long-term chronosequences of ecosystem carbon dynamics
associated with land use land cover change in the tropical peatlands.
Funding This study was possible through funding provided by the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID) to the Center for International Forestry Research. This work
was carried out as part of the Sustainable Wetland Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP).
Literature Cited
Adame MF, Santini NS, Tovilla C, Vázquez-Lule A, Castro L, Guevara M (2015) Carbon stocks
and soil sequestration rates of tropical riverine wetlands. Biogeosciences 12:3805–3818
BSN [Badan Standardisasi Nasional] (2011) Pengukuran dan penghitungan cadangan karbonPengukuran lapangan untuk penaksiran cadangan karbon hutan (ground based forest carbon
accounting). Indonesia
Basuki I (2017) Carbon stocks and emission factors of tropical peat swamp forests in respond to land
cover changes in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, USA
Bhomia RK, van Lent J, Grandez-Rios JM, Hergoualc’h K, Honorio Coronado EN, Murdiyarso D
(2019) Impacts of Mauritia flexuosa degradation on the carbon stocks of freshwater peatlands
in the Pastaza-Maranon river basin of the Peruvian Amazon. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change
24(4):645–668
Cairns MA, Brown S, Helmer EH, Baumgardner GA (1997) Root biomass allocation in the world’s
upland forests. Oecologia 111:1–11
Chao KJ, Phillips OL, Baker TR (2008) Wood density and stocks of coarse woody debris in a
northwestern Amazonian landscape. Can J For Res 38:795–805
Chimner RA, Ewel KC (2005) A tropical freshwater wetland: II. Production, decomposition, and
peat formation. Wetlands Ecol Manage 13:671–684
Corley RHV, Gray BS, Kee NS (1971) Productivity of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in
Malaysia. Exp Agric 7:129–136
Davies SJ, Ashton PS (1999) Phenology and fecundity in 11 sympatric pioneer species of Macaranga
(Euphorbiaceae) in Borneo. Am J Bot 86:1786–1795
Dommain R, Couwenberg J, Joosten H (2011) Development and carbon sequestration of tropical
peat domes in south-east Asia: links to post-glacial sea-level changes and Holocene climate
variability. Quatern Sci Rev 30(7–8):999–1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.01.018
Donato DC, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D, Kurnianto S, Stidham M, Kanninen M (2011) Mangroves
among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nat Geosci 4:293–297
Draper FC, Roucoux KH, Lawson IT, Mitchard ET, Coronado ENH, Outi L, Montenegro LT,
Sandoval EV, Baker TR (2014) The distribution and amount of carbon in the largest peat land
complex in Amazonia. Environ Res Lett 9:124017