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M. Kasim
The most important thing that coastal communities can do to survive and continue
to carry out their activities with the threat of climate change is adaptation strategies
(Aldrian et al 2011). Long-term strategies can be developed by coastal communities
in response to the effects of climate change. This is due to the fact that sustainable
livelihoods can only be achieved if the long-term strategy is fully implemented (FAO
2007a, b). To deal with and minimize the effects of climate change, Indonesia can
take more specific steps, including increasing knowledge about hazards and the
effects of climate change on ecosystems in coastal communities, integrating climate
change issues in coastal area spatial planning, formulating strategies and activities for
climate change adaptation and to recognize, support, and facilitate smart adaptation
efforts carried out by the community, developing and using technology to support
adaptation efforts and to improve the sustainability of coastal communities in the face
of climate change impacts, and improving the application of climate information,
policy formulation, and protection tools for the most vulnerable groups who are
unable to anticipate and adapt to climate change (BAPPENAS 2011).
Overcoming the impact of climate change in the future needs to have an appropriate mitigation strategy to counteract the impact. However, mitigation strategies
differ from one location to another depending on the socioeconomic characteristics
of the community trying to overcome the impacts of climate change that are expected
to occur in the future (Hizza 2013). Adaptive capacity depends on economic welfare,
ecological well-being, the degree of dependence on natural resources, infrastructure
(man-made or natural), effectiveness of institutions and governance systems, insurance, guaranteed land tenure and mediation measures, and information and communication systems. Communities with adaptive capacity are likely to be more resistant
to impacts or able to recover from pressing events and conditions (USAID 2009).
Implementing adaptation strategies to climate change means carrying out adaptation
measures by reducing the impact and/or increasing the resilience of communities and
ecosystems in dealing with climate change and variability while carrying out various
daily activities. Adaptation to the impacts of climate change must be mainstreamed
into economic development planning and implementation processes. Adaptation and
mitigation strategies will increase benefits for people who are most vulnerable to
climate change (Murdiyarso and Kauffman 2011). A strong relationship between
government organizations, non-governmental, and international organizations holds
the key to the success of the strategy in facing the effects of global warming. Besides
that, the strategy is to build the strength of the community itself (Djalante 2013).
In the event of changes and climate variations that affects fishing patterns and
fishing areas, the community will experience a decrease in catch production. This
has been felt by some fishermen in Southeast Sulawesi. The high cost of fuel oil
for fishing boats forces fishermen to carry out fish catches near their area, and some
even use explosives and fish poisons. This will further aggravate the sustainability of
the fish population. The adaptation strategy that can be developed is to use a variety
of simple efforts with marine cultivation. Aquaculture developed can be in the form
of fish farming in ponds, large-scale seaweed cultivation, maintaining mangrove
forests, maintaining seagrass, and not using tools that can damage the environment.
Even though this action is a local action that has a small impact, it is important to
M. Kasim
The most important thing that coastal communities can do to survive and continue
to carry out their activities with the threat of climate change is adaptation strategies
(Aldrian et al 2011). Long-term strategies can be developed by coastal communities
in response to the effects of climate change. This is due to the fact that sustainable
livelihoods can only be achieved if the long-term strategy is fully implemented (FAO
2007a, b). To deal with and minimize the effects of climate change, Indonesia can
take more specific steps, including increasing knowledge about hazards and the
effects of climate change on ecosystems in coastal communities, integrating climate
change issues in coastal area spatial planning, formulating strategies and activities for
climate change adaptation and to recognize, support, and facilitate smart adaptation
efforts carried out by the community, developing and using technology to support
adaptation efforts and to improve the sustainability of coastal communities in the face
of climate change impacts, and improving the application of climate information,
policy formulation, and protection tools for the most vulnerable groups who are
unable to anticipate and adapt to climate change (BAPPENAS 2011).
Overcoming the impact of climate change in the future needs to have an appropriate mitigation strategy to counteract the impact. However, mitigation strategies
differ from one location to another depending on the socioeconomic characteristics
of the community trying to overcome the impacts of climate change that are expected
to occur in the future (Hizza 2013). Adaptive capacity depends on economic welfare,
ecological well-being, the degree of dependence on natural resources, infrastructure
(man-made or natural), effectiveness of institutions and governance systems, insurance, guaranteed land tenure and mediation measures, and information and communication systems. Communities with adaptive capacity are likely to be more resistant
to impacts or able to recover from pressing events and conditions (USAID 2009).
Implementing adaptation strategies to climate change means carrying out adaptation
measures by reducing the impact and/or increasing the resilience of communities and
ecosystems in dealing with climate change and variability while carrying out various
daily activities. Adaptation to the impacts of climate change must be mainstreamed
into economic development planning and implementation processes. Adaptation and
mitigation strategies will increase benefits for people who are most vulnerable to
climate change (Murdiyarso and Kauffman 2011). A strong relationship between
government organizations, non-governmental, and international organizations holds
the key to the success of the strategy in facing the effects of global warming. Besides
that, the strategy is to build the strength of the community itself (Djalante 2013).
In the event of changes and climate variations that affects fishing patterns and
fishing areas, the community will experience a decrease in catch production. This
has been felt by some fishermen in Southeast Sulawesi. The high cost of fuel oil
for fishing boats forces fishermen to carry out fish catches near their area, and some
even use explosives and fish poisons. This will further aggravate the sustainability of
the fish population. The adaptation strategy that can be developed is to use a variety
of simple efforts with marine cultivation. Aquaculture developed can be in the form
of fish farming in ponds, large-scale seaweed cultivation, maintaining mangrove
forests, maintaining seagrass, and not using tools that can damage the environment.
Even though this action is a local action that has a small impact, it is important to