8 Measuring Vulnerability of Coastal Ecosystem and Identifying …
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destroyed. Large-scale conversion will cut the ecological food chain and reduce
the production of ecosystems around mangrove forests. More research has reported
regional scale changes in coral calcification and mortality that are consistent with the
scale and impact of ocean warming and acidification when compared to local factors
such as decreasing water quality and overfishing (Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007).
Changes in ecosystems can affect the provision of these services and directly affect
human well-being. The main drivers of changes in marine and coastal ecosystems
that affect the flow of benefits for humans ranging from global problems to regional
problems. Anthropogenic climate change has been a global concern for decades
and many believe that climate change will cause uncontrolled large-scale changes
in ocean temperatures and ecosystems that support marine life (Gjerde and Breide
2003). Ocean acidification is related to the phenomenon of global climate change and
increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The world’s oceans absorb
most of the anthropogenic CO 2 released into the atmosphere, which causes a decrease
in pH and ocean levels to become increasingly acidic, with critical implications for
marine ecosystems and biodiversity (Bates and Peters 2007; Worm et al. 2006).
Coastal communities are generally categorized as small-scale fisheries which
include fishing activities, especially in developing countries that have an important
role in small-scale economies, especially rural economies (Bene 2006). The livelihoods and welfare of coastal communities are very dependent on the resources and
services provided by coastal ecosystems. From basic needs, such as food, water,
and shelter, to services, such as tourism and recreation, coastal ecosystems meet
many human needs. Marine and coastal resources and ecosystems have a direct and
indirect impact on the lives of coastal communities. The community is more in the
habit of taking fish and non-fish resources in the area around their village. Most
coastal communities are classified as small-scale fisheries that depend heavily on the
surrounding natural resources.
Coastal communities are very vulnerable to changes that arise from both natural
and anthropogenic symptoms (Ferrol-Schulte et al. 2015). Most coastal residents
work as fishermen as the main source of income with very limited alternative livelihood resources. If there is a disturbance from climate change and other natural hazards
or climate variability, there will be economic shocks. One of the supporting factors
for this is that their isolation makes them more vulnerable to natural changes and will
fall into the trap of poverty (Allison and Ellis 2001; Sievanen 2014). This situation
occurs to the people who live in Siompu Islands, Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi.
Located in the southwest of Buton Island, in Southeast Sulawesi. This region has a
comparative advantage over marine resources. Siompu Island should be developed
economically based on marine resources such as fisheries and tourism. However,
most people still live in poverty. This shows that the island’s natural resources have
not been utilized optimally. Characterized by small islands, natural hazards, climate
variability, and isolation may be associated with poverty and not optimal use of island
resources. Fishing as the main source of employment for the population is vulnerable
to climate variability and natural hazards. This will have a significant impact on the
livelihoods of the community as a whole.
159
destroyed. Large-scale conversion will cut the ecological food chain and reduce
the production of ecosystems around mangrove forests. More research has reported
regional scale changes in coral calcification and mortality that are consistent with the
scale and impact of ocean warming and acidification when compared to local factors
such as decreasing water quality and overfishing (Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007).
Changes in ecosystems can affect the provision of these services and directly affect
human well-being. The main drivers of changes in marine and coastal ecosystems
that affect the flow of benefits for humans ranging from global problems to regional
problems. Anthropogenic climate change has been a global concern for decades
and many believe that climate change will cause uncontrolled large-scale changes
in ocean temperatures and ecosystems that support marine life (Gjerde and Breide
2003). Ocean acidification is related to the phenomenon of global climate change and
increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The world’s oceans absorb
most of the anthropogenic CO 2 released into the atmosphere, which causes a decrease
in pH and ocean levels to become increasingly acidic, with critical implications for
marine ecosystems and biodiversity (Bates and Peters 2007; Worm et al. 2006).
Coastal communities are generally categorized as small-scale fisheries which
include fishing activities, especially in developing countries that have an important
role in small-scale economies, especially rural economies (Bene 2006). The livelihoods and welfare of coastal communities are very dependent on the resources and
services provided by coastal ecosystems. From basic needs, such as food, water,
and shelter, to services, such as tourism and recreation, coastal ecosystems meet
many human needs. Marine and coastal resources and ecosystems have a direct and
indirect impact on the lives of coastal communities. The community is more in the
habit of taking fish and non-fish resources in the area around their village. Most
coastal communities are classified as small-scale fisheries that depend heavily on the
surrounding natural resources.
Coastal communities are very vulnerable to changes that arise from both natural
and anthropogenic symptoms (Ferrol-Schulte et al. 2015). Most coastal residents
work as fishermen as the main source of income with very limited alternative livelihood resources. If there is a disturbance from climate change and other natural hazards
or climate variability, there will be economic shocks. One of the supporting factors
for this is that their isolation makes them more vulnerable to natural changes and will
fall into the trap of poverty (Allison and Ellis 2001; Sievanen 2014). This situation
occurs to the people who live in Siompu Islands, Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi.
Located in the southwest of Buton Island, in Southeast Sulawesi. This region has a
comparative advantage over marine resources. Siompu Island should be developed
economically based on marine resources such as fisheries and tourism. However,
most people still live in poverty. This shows that the island’s natural resources have
not been utilized optimally. Characterized by small islands, natural hazards, climate
variability, and isolation may be associated with poverty and not optimal use of island
resources. Fishing as the main source of employment for the population is vulnerable
to climate variability and natural hazards. This will have a significant impact on the
livelihoods of the community as a whole.