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gases at U.S. Ports. Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Transportation Air Quality.
EPA-420-R-16-011. http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/trading/
Epstein, M. J., & Buhovac, A. R. (2017). Making sustainability work. Routledge.
European Commission. (2019) The European Green Deal, Brussels, 11.12.2019 COM (2019)
640 final Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the European
Council, the council, the European Economic and Social committee and the committee of the
regions. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/european-green-deal-communication_en.pdf
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https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12108-Climate-Law
European Commission. (2020b). EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). https://ec.europa.eu/
clima/policies/ets_en
Eyring, V., Kohler, H. W., Van Aardenne, J., & Lauer, A. (2005). Emissions from international
shipping: 1. The last 50 years. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 110, D17.
Halff, A., Younes, L., & Boersma, T. (2019). The likely implications of the new IMO standards on
the shipping industry. Energy Policy, 126, 277–286.
Huber, B. M., & Comstock, M. (2017). ESG reports and ratings: What they are, why they matter.
Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation. https://www.
reprisk.com/content/6-news/1-media-coverage/385-esg-reports-and-ratings-what-they-arewhy-they-matter/esg-reports-and-ratings-what-they-are-why-they-matter.pdf
ICCT. (2011). Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from ships cost effectiveness of available
options. International Council for Clean Transportation. https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/
files/publications/ICCT_GHGfromships_jun2011.pdf
ICS. (2016). Proposal to develop an ‘intended IMO determined contribution’ on CO 2 reduction for
shipping.org/docs/default-source/Submissions/IMO/proposal-to-develop-an-intended-imodetermined-contribution-on-co2-reduction-for-international-shipping.pdf?sfvrsn¼0
IMO. (2014). Third IMO greenhouse study 2014. Executive summary and final report. London:
International Maritime Organization. http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/
PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/
GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf.
IMO. (2017). Considerations of how to progress the matter of reduction of GHG emissions from
ships. Note by the secretariat. London: International Maritime Organization. ISWG-GHG1/2.
IMO. (2018). Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on it its seventieth session,
road map for developing a comprehensive IMO strategy on, reduction of GHG emissions from
ships. International Maritime Organization. MEPC 70/18/Add.1, Annex 11. https://www.
mardep.gov.hk/en/msnote/pdf/msin1707anx3.pdf
International Gas Union. (2017). Enabling clean marine transport. http://www.igu.org/sites/
default/files/nodedocument-field_file/IGU_A4_CleanMarineTransport_Final%20March%
202017_3.pdf
Kosmas, V., & Acciaro, M. (2017). Bunker levy schemes for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission
reduction in international shipping. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 57, 195–206.
Lambin, E. F., & Thorlakson, T. (2018). Sustainability standards: Interactions between private
actors, civil society, and governments. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 43,
369–393.
Lun, Y. H. V., Lai, K.-h., Wong, C. W. Y., & Cheng, T. C. E. (2015). Green shipping management.
Springer.
Maloni, M., Paul, J. A., & Gligor, D. M. (2013). Slow steaming impacts on ocean carriers and
shippers. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 15(2), 151–171.
McKinnon, A. (2016). UNCTAD workshop on sustainable freight transport and finance. Nairobi.
170
A. Papandreou et al.