Fig. 8
Global energy accumulated capex in the energy industry,
2012–35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Fig. 9
Selected international energy and governance
membership organisations and their respective primary
energy consumption and production share
of global totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Fig. 10
G20 initiatives on energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Fig. 11
G20 share of primary energy demand
and production (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Fig. 12
Reserves and current production (2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Fig. 13
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) demand by region . . . . . . . . . . 613
Fig. 14
Levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) of various
generators—global, historical, Chinese and
US forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Fig. 15
Global primary energy consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Fig. 16
Global power generation by source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Fig. 17
New-build capacity additions, 2001–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Fig. 18
Swanson’s Law—lithium-ion EV battery experience
curve compared with solar PV experience curve . . . . . . . . . 616
Fig. 19
Global commissioned energy storage by region, 2009–16
(MW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Fig. 20
Growth in high-voltage interconnection capacity . . . . . . . . . 618
Fig. 21
Regional interconnector capacity planned and
commissioned in 2030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
Fig. 22
Production and reserves of critical materials for
lithium-ion batteries in selected countries, 2015. . . . . . . . . . 619
Fig. 23
Predicted 2050 emissions for the five key materials under
various future strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Fig. 24
Oil production in the USA in response to shale oil . . . . . . . 622
Fig. 25
Gas production in the USA in response to shale gas . . . . . . 622
Fig. 26
Crude oil displacement from electric vehicle sales . . . . . . . . 623
Fig. 27
IOC natural gas production and as a share
of total production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Fig. 28
GCC government revenue and expenditure (per cent of
non-oil GDP, weighted average) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Fig. 29
Estimates for global fossil fuel consumption subsidies
and subsidies for renewables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Fig. 30
Imperatives for a low-carbon, energy-secure transition,
alongside examples of actions that could enable those
imperatives to be met. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Fig. 31
TCFD implementation path of recommendations on
climate-related financial disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Fig. 32
Analysis of clean technology progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
List of Figures
xxxiii xxxiii
Global energy accumulated capex in the energy industry,
2012–35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Fig. 9
Selected international energy and governance
membership organisations and their respective primary
energy consumption and production share
of global totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Fig. 10
G20 initiatives on energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Fig. 11
G20 share of primary energy demand
and production (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Fig. 12
Reserves and current production (2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Fig. 13
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) demand by region . . . . . . . . . . 613
Fig. 14
Levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) of various
generators—global, historical, Chinese and
US forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Fig. 15
Global primary energy consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Fig. 16
Global power generation by source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Fig. 17
New-build capacity additions, 2001–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Fig. 18
Swanson’s Law—lithium-ion EV battery experience
curve compared with solar PV experience curve . . . . . . . . . 616
Fig. 19
Global commissioned energy storage by region, 2009–16
(MW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Fig. 20
Growth in high-voltage interconnection capacity . . . . . . . . . 618
Fig. 21
Regional interconnector capacity planned and
commissioned in 2030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
Fig. 22
Production and reserves of critical materials for
lithium-ion batteries in selected countries, 2015. . . . . . . . . . 619
Fig. 23
Predicted 2050 emissions for the five key materials under
various future strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Fig. 24
Oil production in the USA in response to shale oil . . . . . . . 622
Fig. 25
Gas production in the USA in response to shale gas . . . . . . 622
Fig. 26
Crude oil displacement from electric vehicle sales . . . . . . . . 623
Fig. 27
IOC natural gas production and as a share
of total production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Fig. 28
GCC government revenue and expenditure (per cent of
non-oil GDP, weighted average) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Fig. 29
Estimates for global fossil fuel consumption subsidies
and subsidies for renewables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Fig. 30
Imperatives for a low-carbon, energy-secure transition,
alongside examples of actions that could enable those
imperatives to be met. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Fig. 31
TCFD implementation path of recommendations on
climate-related financial disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Fig. 32
Analysis of clean technology progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
List of Figures
xxxiii xxxiii