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I. C. Ishak et al.
7.1 Introduction
The risk of unwanted accidents at sea is comparatively related to a growing number of
commercial and maritime activities [1]. The accident vulnerability is linked to safety,
environment, human, and installation of vessels [1]. The maritime activities have been
acknowledged as the contributors in fostering development and associating evolution,
plus, affording humanity in a form of mobility whether for trade, transport, or fishing
among others [2]. Over the last 20 years, the risk of a large-scale oil spill incident
is cumulative [3]. The oil spill incidents have been the key interest of countries and
viewed as the most serious form of marine pollution, causing severe impacts on
wildlife and their habitats [4]. The practices commenced to collect and transport oil
to content this demand which involves a certain amount of risk of accidental oil spills
occurring [5]. The Ministry of Transport [6] reported that shipping operation delivers
with it the risk of ship incidents and collisions which could lead to the oil spills.
7.2 Sources and Consequences of Oil Spill
Oil spills are caused by several sources such as accidental leaks from ships and
offshore oil platforms and they often result in exorbitant economic costs and devastating marine ecological degradation [7]. Oil spill from the ships and tankers which
contain the transportation fuel used by the vessels or cargos such as crude oil, fuel
oil, or heating oil are the significant sources of hydrocarbon inputs into the oceans,
lakes, and rivers [8]. Malaysia is emphasizing the obligation of pollution control in
respect of coastal and marine waters as the need to meet water quality objectives.
Malaysia is also dedicated to meet the requirements of the quality environment fixed
by the Quality Environment Act 1974 from the Department of Environment [9].
Once the oil spill incident occurs, it has engendered a negative impact on the marine
environment as well as the maritime community at large.
The consequences of oil spill incidents on the environment and society can be
overwhelming. The suffocating and toxic effects of oil on flora and fauna could
contribute acute costs such as effects on public health, local economy through loss
of tourism and aquaculture, and historically or culturally significant sites [5]. Once
the pollution has saturated the water, it could cause damage to marine life, caused
marine life to die, interrupted human health, and disturbed the ecosystems either on
the sea or land. [10]. This oil spill was predicted to pollute a much greater area than
primarily projected due to aggressive weather sceneries [11]. Even though the oil spill
is infrequent to arise, once it has happened, it could lead to a catastrophic phenomenon
and impairment of sea, environment, people, offshore activities, fisheries, and crop
an immoral image of the country.
I. C. Ishak et al.
7.1 Introduction
The risk of unwanted accidents at sea is comparatively related to a growing number of
commercial and maritime activities [1]. The accident vulnerability is linked to safety,
environment, human, and installation of vessels [1]. The maritime activities have been
acknowledged as the contributors in fostering development and associating evolution,
plus, affording humanity in a form of mobility whether for trade, transport, or fishing
among others [2]. Over the last 20 years, the risk of a large-scale oil spill incident
is cumulative [3]. The oil spill incidents have been the key interest of countries and
viewed as the most serious form of marine pollution, causing severe impacts on
wildlife and their habitats [4]. The practices commenced to collect and transport oil
to content this demand which involves a certain amount of risk of accidental oil spills
occurring [5]. The Ministry of Transport [6] reported that shipping operation delivers
with it the risk of ship incidents and collisions which could lead to the oil spills.
7.2 Sources and Consequences of Oil Spill
Oil spills are caused by several sources such as accidental leaks from ships and
offshore oil platforms and they often result in exorbitant economic costs and devastating marine ecological degradation [7]. Oil spill from the ships and tankers which
contain the transportation fuel used by the vessels or cargos such as crude oil, fuel
oil, or heating oil are the significant sources of hydrocarbon inputs into the oceans,
lakes, and rivers [8]. Malaysia is emphasizing the obligation of pollution control in
respect of coastal and marine waters as the need to meet water quality objectives.
Malaysia is also dedicated to meet the requirements of the quality environment fixed
by the Quality Environment Act 1974 from the Department of Environment [9].
Once the oil spill incident occurs, it has engendered a negative impact on the marine
environment as well as the maritime community at large.
The consequences of oil spill incidents on the environment and society can be
overwhelming. The suffocating and toxic effects of oil on flora and fauna could
contribute acute costs such as effects on public health, local economy through loss
of tourism and aquaculture, and historically or culturally significant sites [5]. Once
the pollution has saturated the water, it could cause damage to marine life, caused
marine life to die, interrupted human health, and disturbed the ecosystems either on
the sea or land. [10]. This oil spill was predicted to pollute a much greater area than
primarily projected due to aggressive weather sceneries [11]. Even though the oil spill
is infrequent to arise, once it has happened, it could lead to a catastrophic phenomenon
and impairment of sea, environment, people, offshore activities, fisheries, and crop
an immoral image of the country.