36
A. M. Saat et al.
modulus of samples B recorded the highest values of tensile strength followed by
samples C and A with values of 5.38 MPa, 4.56 MPa and 3.48 MPa, respectively. The
tensile strength shows the highest values in sample B followed by samples C and A
with values of 236.62 MPa, 173.27 MPa and 143.11 MPa, respectively. The tensile
modulus also decreased as the aluminum phosphate ratio increased. Tensile testing
with a combination of three layers WR produced the highest strength and modulus
due to its continues reinforcement phases. In flexural testing, samples C with three
layers of CSM and WR produced higher values compared to other design layer. The
recorded flexural data is higher compared to the tensile data, thus the design layers
are more suitable to applications related to flexural strength. The tensile and flexural
strain observed an increase in strain as the aluminum phosphate ratio increased. Addition of aluminum phosphate in the hybrid composite system produced high strain
and a softer composite. However, at 5 wt% aluminum phosphate the mechanical
properties are in accepting improved values. Table 4.3 summarizes the mechanical
properties data for hybrid composite fiberglass embedded with aluminum phosphate.
Figure 4.2a and b shows images of impacted specimens after testing and values
of impact and hardness testing, respectively. The specimen with 5 wt% of aluminum
phosphate has the highest values in impact and hardness testing. Sample C with
a combination of CSM, WR and CSM shows the highest impact strength for all
percentages while sample A with three layers of CSM shows the lowest impact
strength. The highest impact strength value is recorded for sample C (CSM, WR
and CSM) with 5 wt% of AlPO 4 (711.36 kJ/m
2 ) and the lowest value in sample A
(3 layers CSM) with 0 wt% of AlPO 4 (139.5454 kJ/m
2 ). Brinell hardness testing
shows the highest hardness number in sample with 5 wt% of aluminum phosphate
in all design configurations. However, sample A (187.35 BHN) observed the highest
Brinell hardness value compared to samples B (170.51 BHN) and C (170.51 BHN).
This finding supports the observation in impact testing that the design layer with 5
wt% produced the highest value of Brinell hardness. Samples with 0 wt% recorded
to have the highest hardness followed by samples 10 wt% and 5 wt%. The sample
with 5 wt% can be concluded to be softer due to the addition of aluminum phosphate
which also support the increase in both tensile and flexural strain.
Samples with 5 wt% of aluminum phosphate produced the highest values of
tensile strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus, Brinell hardness and impact
strength, except for the tensile modulus. The highest values in samples with 5 wt%
were due to good interaction between the fiberglass, resin and aluminum phosphate
additive. Thus, this finding is almost similar to Chavan et al. [7], who observed an
additive with hematite filler of 6 wt% produced the highest mechanical properties
values compared to 0, 8 and 10 wt%. Samples C with three layers CSM and WR
produced the optimum mechanical values for flexural strength, flexural modulus,
hardness and impact. However, Samples B produced the highest values in both tensile
strength and modulus. Meanwhile hardness data observed for samples A produced
the highest BHN values. Samples C with a combination of CSM and WR produced
better mechanical properties due to good interaction between the fiberglass, resin
and aluminum phosphate additive compared to three layers CSM and three layers
WR.
A. M. Saat et al.
modulus of samples B recorded the highest values of tensile strength followed by
samples C and A with values of 5.38 MPa, 4.56 MPa and 3.48 MPa, respectively. The
tensile strength shows the highest values in sample B followed by samples C and A
with values of 236.62 MPa, 173.27 MPa and 143.11 MPa, respectively. The tensile
modulus also decreased as the aluminum phosphate ratio increased. Tensile testing
with a combination of three layers WR produced the highest strength and modulus
due to its continues reinforcement phases. In flexural testing, samples C with three
layers of CSM and WR produced higher values compared to other design layer. The
recorded flexural data is higher compared to the tensile data, thus the design layers
are more suitable to applications related to flexural strength. The tensile and flexural
strain observed an increase in strain as the aluminum phosphate ratio increased. Addition of aluminum phosphate in the hybrid composite system produced high strain
and a softer composite. However, at 5 wt% aluminum phosphate the mechanical
properties are in accepting improved values. Table 4.3 summarizes the mechanical
properties data for hybrid composite fiberglass embedded with aluminum phosphate.
Figure 4.2a and b shows images of impacted specimens after testing and values
of impact and hardness testing, respectively. The specimen with 5 wt% of aluminum
phosphate has the highest values in impact and hardness testing. Sample C with
a combination of CSM, WR and CSM shows the highest impact strength for all
percentages while sample A with three layers of CSM shows the lowest impact
strength. The highest impact strength value is recorded for sample C (CSM, WR
and CSM) with 5 wt% of AlPO 4 (711.36 kJ/m
2 ) and the lowest value in sample A
(3 layers CSM) with 0 wt% of AlPO 4 (139.5454 kJ/m
2 ). Brinell hardness testing
shows the highest hardness number in sample with 5 wt% of aluminum phosphate
in all design configurations. However, sample A (187.35 BHN) observed the highest
Brinell hardness value compared to samples B (170.51 BHN) and C (170.51 BHN).
This finding supports the observation in impact testing that the design layer with 5
wt% produced the highest value of Brinell hardness. Samples with 0 wt% recorded
to have the highest hardness followed by samples 10 wt% and 5 wt%. The sample
with 5 wt% can be concluded to be softer due to the addition of aluminum phosphate
which also support the increase in both tensile and flexural strain.
Samples with 5 wt% of aluminum phosphate produced the highest values of
tensile strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus, Brinell hardness and impact
strength, except for the tensile modulus. The highest values in samples with 5 wt%
were due to good interaction between the fiberglass, resin and aluminum phosphate
additive. Thus, this finding is almost similar to Chavan et al. [7], who observed an
additive with hematite filler of 6 wt% produced the highest mechanical properties
values compared to 0, 8 and 10 wt%. Samples C with three layers CSM and WR
produced the optimum mechanical values for flexural strength, flexural modulus,
hardness and impact. However, Samples B produced the highest values in both tensile
strength and modulus. Meanwhile hardness data observed for samples A produced
the highest BHN values. Samples C with a combination of CSM and WR produced
better mechanical properties due to good interaction between the fiberglass, resin
and aluminum phosphate additive compared to three layers CSM and three layers
WR.