254
A. M. Arof et al.
and LNG as alternatives [25]. A summary of 27 previous studies that were published
mostly between 2011 and 2019 is condensed in Table 21.1.
Gleaning through Table 21.1, it can be observed that a variety of research methods
have been utilised for green port research. Among the most popular methods are case
study, AHP/Fuzzy AHP, DEA, interview, content analysis and survey. Most of the
research is also focussed on findings in container and general cargo terminals with
only one research that is focussed on dry bulk terminals and another research on
passenger terminals. Most of research studies are focussed on a particular geographical region whilst four studies focus on two or three regions. From the 27 papers
reviewed, 13 papers focus on Asia involving ports in East Asia and Turkey. 11
papers address the ports in Europe and three papers cover ports in North America.
The coverage for ports in other regions are barely minimum and present an excellent
gap that can be explored for future research.
21.4 Most Research Green Port Indications
In order to determine suitable indicators for green ports, a qualitative content analysis was performed on the 27 selected publications. The text identified has been
coded into a suitable number of categories or themes that can assist in a better understanding of the main green port determinants. Based on the content analysis, the
most popular determinant covered by green port research is air pollution management, which was addressed in 25 publications that were reviewed. Among others,
this category deals with dry bulk cargo handling, modernisation of cargo handling
equipment, on- and off-road vehicles management, cold ironing, use of scrubbers
and alternative fuels for ships, electrical powered land vehicles, control of speed and
effective control of toxic gas emission. On the other hand, water pollution management was addressed in 16 publications. This category covers sub-categories such as
handling of oil and cargo spill, sewage treatment, handling of ballast water, liquid
waste management, maintenance of water quality. The third most frequently covered
category is preservation/improvement of marine life with 11 publications. It covers
areas that include periodical environmental study, habitat tracking and preservation, preserving marine ecosystem, wetland habitat conservation, and monitoring of
phytoplankton and zooplankton biodiversity.
The next popular research area in the green port study is noise pollution management that was covered in 10 publications. This is followed by soil and sediment preservation (nine publications), management of solid waste and garbage
(nine publications), utilisation of green technology (eight publications), preservation/improvement of coastal habitat (seven publications) and cooperation with
external parties (six publications). Next areas that received coverage in five publications are effective coordination and regulatory measures, efficient port development,
and environmental awareness and training. Other areas that were covered in more
than one publications are recycling/management of wastes and resources (4), monitoring changes in weather/climate (3), incentives and fines (3), landscape design
A. M. Arof et al.
and LNG as alternatives [25]. A summary of 27 previous studies that were published
mostly between 2011 and 2019 is condensed in Table 21.1.
Gleaning through Table 21.1, it can be observed that a variety of research methods
have been utilised for green port research. Among the most popular methods are case
study, AHP/Fuzzy AHP, DEA, interview, content analysis and survey. Most of the
research is also focussed on findings in container and general cargo terminals with
only one research that is focussed on dry bulk terminals and another research on
passenger terminals. Most of research studies are focussed on a particular geographical region whilst four studies focus on two or three regions. From the 27 papers
reviewed, 13 papers focus on Asia involving ports in East Asia and Turkey. 11
papers address the ports in Europe and three papers cover ports in North America.
The coverage for ports in other regions are barely minimum and present an excellent
gap that can be explored for future research.
21.4 Most Research Green Port Indications
In order to determine suitable indicators for green ports, a qualitative content analysis was performed on the 27 selected publications. The text identified has been
coded into a suitable number of categories or themes that can assist in a better understanding of the main green port determinants. Based on the content analysis, the
most popular determinant covered by green port research is air pollution management, which was addressed in 25 publications that were reviewed. Among others,
this category deals with dry bulk cargo handling, modernisation of cargo handling
equipment, on- and off-road vehicles management, cold ironing, use of scrubbers
and alternative fuels for ships, electrical powered land vehicles, control of speed and
effective control of toxic gas emission. On the other hand, water pollution management was addressed in 16 publications. This category covers sub-categories such as
handling of oil and cargo spill, sewage treatment, handling of ballast water, liquid
waste management, maintenance of water quality. The third most frequently covered
category is preservation/improvement of marine life with 11 publications. It covers
areas that include periodical environmental study, habitat tracking and preservation, preserving marine ecosystem, wetland habitat conservation, and monitoring of
phytoplankton and zooplankton biodiversity.
The next popular research area in the green port study is noise pollution management that was covered in 10 publications. This is followed by soil and sediment preservation (nine publications), management of solid waste and garbage
(nine publications), utilisation of green technology (eight publications), preservation/improvement of coastal habitat (seven publications) and cooperation with
external parties (six publications). Next areas that received coverage in five publications are effective coordination and regulatory measures, efficient port development,
and environmental awareness and training. Other areas that were covered in more
than one publications are recycling/management of wastes and resources (4), monitoring changes in weather/climate (3), incentives and fines (3), landscape design