224
M. R. Zoolfakar and M. A. A. Jesmin
In 1625 [1] there is first document concerning the use of copper as an anti-fouling
agent. It used a combination of compounds [1]. The first usage of copper coverage
was recorded by HMS Alarm in 1758, and its achievement prompted some other
vessels to copper. Copper was widely used around 1780 within the British Navy.
After the advent of iron ships late in the eighteenth century, copper sheathing was
discontinued [3, 4]. The reasons were that the anti-fouling efficiency was not always
certain [1]. Various methods were tested, including zinc and tin alloys, followed by
copper-coated wood sheathing. Non-metallic sheathings, such as felt, cloth, rubber,
and tiles were also suggested [2].
Felt soaked in tar were also used to separate the iron hull from the copper
sheathing [1]. Wooden sheathing, which well-suited was tried over the ship bottom,
but discarded because of its high cost [1]. The renewal curiosity in the use of
anti-fouling compositions was the historical importance and gave birth to iron ships.
20.2 Anti-fouling Paint Concept
It is possible to classify chemically active anti-fouling technologies into three main
categories: Insoluble matrix paint, soluble matrix paint, and self-polishing paint.
All of these techniques are directed at the same target, the controlled release of
bio-active molecules, but function by different chemical processes, many of which
remain poorly understood.
Tin-based self-polishing paints are the most effective anti-fouling paints in terms
of long-term service life quality. In such paint, to release the anti-fouling agent,
the biocidal compound is chemically bonded to the binder, gradually hydrolyzes or
dissolved in water.
Shortly after the identification in the early 80s of the adverse side effects of
tributyltin [TBT] based compounds on non-target species, tin-free alternatives have
been developed and dominate today’s market. Chemists from industry and university
research laboratories are currently working to improve this so-called tin-free, selfpolishing paint to equal the efficacy of anti-fouling paint containing TBT.
20.2.1 Marine Bio-fouling
Marine fouling on surfaces immersed under seawater can be defined as the undesirable accumulation of microorganisms. The adverse effects of this settlement are well
documented in the case of vessels.
A rise in the pace of dry-docking activities can be observed. During this method,
a large quantity of toxic waste is also produced [1, 5]. It introduces species into
non-natural settings and it can be invasive or non-native species [6, 7].
The high frictional resistance due to the roughness produced results in weight an
increase and decreasing in manoeuvrability [16]. Higher fuel consumption is required
M. R. Zoolfakar and M. A. A. Jesmin
In 1625 [1] there is first document concerning the use of copper as an anti-fouling
agent. It used a combination of compounds [1]. The first usage of copper coverage
was recorded by HMS Alarm in 1758, and its achievement prompted some other
vessels to copper. Copper was widely used around 1780 within the British Navy.
After the advent of iron ships late in the eighteenth century, copper sheathing was
discontinued [3, 4]. The reasons were that the anti-fouling efficiency was not always
certain [1]. Various methods were tested, including zinc and tin alloys, followed by
copper-coated wood sheathing. Non-metallic sheathings, such as felt, cloth, rubber,
and tiles were also suggested [2].
Felt soaked in tar were also used to separate the iron hull from the copper
sheathing [1]. Wooden sheathing, which well-suited was tried over the ship bottom,
but discarded because of its high cost [1]. The renewal curiosity in the use of
anti-fouling compositions was the historical importance and gave birth to iron ships.
20.2 Anti-fouling Paint Concept
It is possible to classify chemically active anti-fouling technologies into three main
categories: Insoluble matrix paint, soluble matrix paint, and self-polishing paint.
All of these techniques are directed at the same target, the controlled release of
bio-active molecules, but function by different chemical processes, many of which
remain poorly understood.
Tin-based self-polishing paints are the most effective anti-fouling paints in terms
of long-term service life quality. In such paint, to release the anti-fouling agent,
the biocidal compound is chemically bonded to the binder, gradually hydrolyzes or
dissolved in water.
Shortly after the identification in the early 80s of the adverse side effects of
tributyltin [TBT] based compounds on non-target species, tin-free alternatives have
been developed and dominate today’s market. Chemists from industry and university
research laboratories are currently working to improve this so-called tin-free, selfpolishing paint to equal the efficacy of anti-fouling paint containing TBT.
20.2.1 Marine Bio-fouling
Marine fouling on surfaces immersed under seawater can be defined as the undesirable accumulation of microorganisms. The adverse effects of this settlement are well
documented in the case of vessels.
A rise in the pace of dry-docking activities can be observed. During this method,
a large quantity of toxic waste is also produced [1, 5]. It introduces species into
non-natural settings and it can be invasive or non-native species [6, 7].
The high frictional resistance due to the roughness produced results in weight an
increase and decreasing in manoeuvrability [16]. Higher fuel consumption is required