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M. R. Zoolfakar and M. A. M. Din
at low engine speed at high power magnitude. Since no combustion is present, the
engine’s overall weight can be reduced by removing combustion-related parts.
For the operation of the engine, a limit switch with cam, rotary encoder or higher
reliability optical sensor can be employed to increase the accuracy of the solenoid’s
switching timing. In terms of power consumption, the power consumed by the
solenoid can be reduced by utilizing the pulse width modulation (PWM) with high
or moderate duty cycle or using regenerative braking to improve the efficiency. The
harmonic distortion of the solenoid should be taken into account when an electronic
system is designed to improve the effectiveness of the solenoid at high magnitude
and high switching frequency.
The analysis can be further improved by measuring the power output of the engine
to find the efficiency of the prototype and using an oscilloscope to measure the
frequency response and performance of the solenoid at different frequencies as the
inductor acts as an open circuit at very high frequencies. By replacing the plunger
with a two-pole magnet, the engine can become a one-stroke engine as the solenoid
can push or pull the magnet by alternating the voltage supply across the solenoid
to alternate the magnetic field around the solenoid. The solenoid shows a potential
difference when switched off so the leftover charge in the solenoid can be redirected
to a battery to save energy and improving the efficiency.
16.5 Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public,
commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
References
1. Vocabulary (2019) https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/emission. Accessed 18 Nov 2019
2. Perera, F.: Pollution from fossil-fuel combustion is the leading environmental threat to global
pediatric health and equity: solutions exist. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15(1), 16 (2017)
3. Vedlugaite, D.: Specific air pollutant emissions — European Environment Agency, European
Environment Agency (EEA) (2009). https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/spe
cific-air-pollutant-emissions. Accessed 18 Nov 2019
4. Afroz, R., Hassan, M.N., Ibrahim, N.A.: Review of air pollution and health impacts in Malaysia.
Environ. Res. 92(2), 71–77 (2003)
5. Liao, J., Zhou, N., Wang, Q.: DC-side harmonic analysis and DC filter design in hybrid HVDC
transmission systems. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 113, 861–873 (2019)
6. Hu, Y., Zeng, R., Cao, W., Zhang, J., Finney, S.J.: Design of a modular, high step-up ratio DC-DC
converter for HVDC applications integrating offshore wind power. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
63(4), 2190–2202 (2016)
7. Chen, G., Peng, H., Zeng, R., Hu, Y., Ni, K.: A fundamental frequency sorting algorithm for
capacitor voltage balance of modular multilevel converter with low-frequency carrier phase shift
modulation. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 6(3), 1595–1604 (2018)
M. R. Zoolfakar and M. A. M. Din
at low engine speed at high power magnitude. Since no combustion is present, the
engine’s overall weight can be reduced by removing combustion-related parts.
For the operation of the engine, a limit switch with cam, rotary encoder or higher
reliability optical sensor can be employed to increase the accuracy of the solenoid’s
switching timing. In terms of power consumption, the power consumed by the
solenoid can be reduced by utilizing the pulse width modulation (PWM) with high
or moderate duty cycle or using regenerative braking to improve the efficiency. The
harmonic distortion of the solenoid should be taken into account when an electronic
system is designed to improve the effectiveness of the solenoid at high magnitude
and high switching frequency.
The analysis can be further improved by measuring the power output of the engine
to find the efficiency of the prototype and using an oscilloscope to measure the
frequency response and performance of the solenoid at different frequencies as the
inductor acts as an open circuit at very high frequencies. By replacing the plunger
with a two-pole magnet, the engine can become a one-stroke engine as the solenoid
can push or pull the magnet by alternating the voltage supply across the solenoid
to alternate the magnetic field around the solenoid. The solenoid shows a potential
difference when switched off so the leftover charge in the solenoid can be redirected
to a battery to save energy and improving the efficiency.
16.5 Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public,
commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
References
1. Vocabulary (2019) https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/emission. Accessed 18 Nov 2019
2. Perera, F.: Pollution from fossil-fuel combustion is the leading environmental threat to global
pediatric health and equity: solutions exist. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15(1), 16 (2017)
3. Vedlugaite, D.: Specific air pollutant emissions — European Environment Agency, European
Environment Agency (EEA) (2009). https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/spe
cific-air-pollutant-emissions. Accessed 18 Nov 2019
4. Afroz, R., Hassan, M.N., Ibrahim, N.A.: Review of air pollution and health impacts in Malaysia.
Environ. Res. 92(2), 71–77 (2003)
5. Liao, J., Zhou, N., Wang, Q.: DC-side harmonic analysis and DC filter design in hybrid HVDC
transmission systems. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 113, 861–873 (2019)
6. Hu, Y., Zeng, R., Cao, W., Zhang, J., Finney, S.J.: Design of a modular, high step-up ratio DC-DC
converter for HVDC applications integrating offshore wind power. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
63(4), 2190–2202 (2016)
7. Chen, G., Peng, H., Zeng, R., Hu, Y., Ni, K.: A fundamental frequency sorting algorithm for
capacitor voltage balance of modular multilevel converter with low-frequency carrier phase shift
modulation. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 6(3), 1595–1604 (2018)