Statistical Optimization of Ammonium Sulfamate and Urea-Based Fire …
127
4 Conclusions
So, it may be finally concluded from the above study that optimum dosages of
ammonium sulfamate obtained by this statistical optimization technique is 147.8 gpl
or 14.8% and the same for Urea is 87.90 gpl or 8.8 %, which are thus much closer to
the values of sem-optimal dosages of these two chemicals as earlier obtained from
preliminary experiments reported here before statistical optimization for formulation
1e using 10 % urea and 15 % ammonium sulfamate combination (Formulation 1b)
in presence of 3 % MgCl 2 catalyst (1/5th of weight of ammonium sulfamate) for
which LOI is 34, char length is 2.5 cm and loss in tenacity value is 26 %, though
formulation 1e shows LOI-value is 38, char length is 2 cm and loss of fabric tenacity
is 28 %.
Finally, considering the interactive effect of these two chemicals the finally statistically optimized results for determining optimum dosages of these two chemicals
are finally arrived as treatment with 8.8 % of urea and 14.8 % of ammonium sulfamate in presence of 3 % MgCl 2 as catalyst (1/5th amount of weight of ammonium
sulfamate) with the addition of pre-fixed dosages of 50 gpl or 5 % arkofix –NEC
acrylic–poly-carboxylate binder and 30gpl or 3 % ceralube–HD (polyolefin-based
emulsion softener) by Pad–Dry (at 100 °C for 10 min) and Curing (at 130 °C for
3–4 min) technique followed by normal washing and drying, for obtaining somewhat
little lower fabric tenacity loss of 27.39 % (instead of 28 % as is found in formulation 1e in preliminary experiment), LOI-35.6 and char length-2.2 cm, with somewhat
reduced concentration of urea than that used in formulation 1e (thus saving the cost
of excess amount urea in this optimized recipe, than that used for formulation1e,
making more industry acceptable recipe).
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Govt of India, Ministry of Textiles (MOT), Delhi
and Office of the Jute Commisioner, Govt of India, Kolkata for required financial support in the
form of R & D Project grant-in–aid for the project entitled “Standradization of Fire Retardant Finish
for Jute Fabrics” provided to this Department of University of Calcutta (DJFT, IJT, CU) vide Ref
Sanction letter no-nil dt 08-03-2016 from MOT, GOI. Moreover, Prof AKS as one of the author is
especially thankful to CU-TEQIP Cell for providing the required travel and other logistic support
to present this paper at FTC-2020 International conference at IIT-Delhi on 7–9 February-2020.
References
1. Varma IK, Anantha Krishnan SR, Krishnamoorthy S (1988) Effect of chemical treatment on
thermal behaviour of jute fibers. Text Res J 58(9):486–494
2. Basak RK, Saha SG, Sarkar AK, Saha M, Das NN, Mukherjee AK (1993) Thermal properties
of jute constituents and flame retardant jute fabrics. Text Res J 63(11):658–666
3. Basak RK, Saha SG, Sarkar AK, Saha M, Das NN, Mukherjee AK (1993) Thermal properties
of jute constituents and flame retardant jute fabrics. Text Res J 63:658-664
4. Banerjee SK, Day A, Ray PK (1986) Fireproofing jute. Text. Res J 56(5):338–339
5. Samanta A K : Chemical finishing of jute and jute blended textiles: a review. Colourage 42:37–
42
127
4 Conclusions
So, it may be finally concluded from the above study that optimum dosages of
ammonium sulfamate obtained by this statistical optimization technique is 147.8 gpl
or 14.8% and the same for Urea is 87.90 gpl or 8.8 %, which are thus much closer to
the values of sem-optimal dosages of these two chemicals as earlier obtained from
preliminary experiments reported here before statistical optimization for formulation
1e using 10 % urea and 15 % ammonium sulfamate combination (Formulation 1b)
in presence of 3 % MgCl 2 catalyst (1/5th of weight of ammonium sulfamate) for
which LOI is 34, char length is 2.5 cm and loss in tenacity value is 26 %, though
formulation 1e shows LOI-value is 38, char length is 2 cm and loss of fabric tenacity
is 28 %.
Finally, considering the interactive effect of these two chemicals the finally statistically optimized results for determining optimum dosages of these two chemicals
are finally arrived as treatment with 8.8 % of urea and 14.8 % of ammonium sulfamate in presence of 3 % MgCl 2 as catalyst (1/5th amount of weight of ammonium
sulfamate) with the addition of pre-fixed dosages of 50 gpl or 5 % arkofix –NEC
acrylic–poly-carboxylate binder and 30gpl or 3 % ceralube–HD (polyolefin-based
emulsion softener) by Pad–Dry (at 100 °C for 10 min) and Curing (at 130 °C for
3–4 min) technique followed by normal washing and drying, for obtaining somewhat
little lower fabric tenacity loss of 27.39 % (instead of 28 % as is found in formulation 1e in preliminary experiment), LOI-35.6 and char length-2.2 cm, with somewhat
reduced concentration of urea than that used in formulation 1e (thus saving the cost
of excess amount urea in this optimized recipe, than that used for formulation1e,
making more industry acceptable recipe).
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Govt of India, Ministry of Textiles (MOT), Delhi
and Office of the Jute Commisioner, Govt of India, Kolkata for required financial support in the
form of R & D Project grant-in–aid for the project entitled “Standradization of Fire Retardant Finish
for Jute Fabrics” provided to this Department of University of Calcutta (DJFT, IJT, CU) vide Ref
Sanction letter no-nil dt 08-03-2016 from MOT, GOI. Moreover, Prof AKS as one of the author is
especially thankful to CU-TEQIP Cell for providing the required travel and other logistic support
to present this paper at FTC-2020 International conference at IIT-Delhi on 7–9 February-2020.
References
1. Varma IK, Anantha Krishnan SR, Krishnamoorthy S (1988) Effect of chemical treatment on
thermal behaviour of jute fibers. Text Res J 58(9):486–494
2. Basak RK, Saha SG, Sarkar AK, Saha M, Das NN, Mukherjee AK (1993) Thermal properties
of jute constituents and flame retardant jute fabrics. Text Res J 63(11):658–666
3. Basak RK, Saha SG, Sarkar AK, Saha M, Das NN, Mukherjee AK (1993) Thermal properties
of jute constituents and flame retardant jute fabrics. Text Res J 63:658-664
4. Banerjee SK, Day A, Ray PK (1986) Fireproofing jute. Text. Res J 56(5):338–339
5. Samanta A K : Chemical finishing of jute and jute blended textiles: a review. Colourage 42:37–
42