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A. K. Samanta et al.
J-U-SA—that is, formulation 2f treated jute [Spectrum (c), Fig. 1]—shows some
minor changes in functional group pattern by the said treatment when compared with
both the spectrum (a) and spectrum-(b), Fig. 1. Thus, In spectrum (c), Fig. 1, for J-USA-formulation 2f treated jute, there is a difference in the band intensity at 810 cm
−1
(indicating the presence of –SO 3 H) and a duplet arrived at 989 cm
−1 and 1030 cm
−1
(due to –OSO 2 -group of sulfamic acid). There is an increase in band intensity of
the transmittance peaks between 1700 cm
−1 to 1400 cm
−1 , which is attributed to
more acidic degradation of celluloses/hemicelluloses (in more acidic condition there
is a partial loss of hemicellulose and cellulose by chain scission) as compared to
ammonium sulfamate treatment by formulation 1e. Also the new sharp peak in this
spectrum (c), Fig. 1 at 2370 cm
−1 is also observed for N–H vibration of urea present
in the formulation 2f treated jute. No additional -C-N stretching vibration for primary
and secondary amines and no increase in the band intensity of the peak at 1446 cm
−1
which can be ascribed to the presence of -N-CH 2 component in the formulation 1e
treated jute, that is, 15 % SA + 12.5 % urea with 3 % MgCl 2 catalyst treated jute
is found, leading to clear indication that Reaction 8–10 do not occur probably due
to low curing temperature (130 °C for 3–4 min) than the degradation temperature of
sulfamic acid, which is known to be 205 °C.
Bl Jute- Bleached control Jute; J-U-AS-Formulation 1e; J-U-SA- Formulation 2f;
J-Sara-CWF-Formulation 3d; J-U-AS-A-C- Formulation 4
For comparison purpose, the bleached control jute is treated with a commercially
available saraflam-CWF, a THPC-based commercial fire-retardant chemical. Thus,
FTIR spectra [spectrum (e), Fig. 1] of J-saraflam-CWF, that is, formulation 3d treated
jute as compared to the FTIR spectra obtained for the bleached jute (Spectrum –a,
Fig. 1) shows distinctively some changes in functional group pattern after the said
saraflam-CWF treatment, despite showing some minor decrease/increase or weakening/strengthening of some FTIR peaks/bands also. In spectrum (e), Fig. 1, there
is an introduction of a new peak at 1646 cm
−1 (indicating –C-O stretching vibration) and there is an increase in band intensity at 2355 cm
−1 (due to N–H stretching
vibration for associated amines). This fire-retardant treatment results in blocking of
C 6 position of -CH 2 -OH-group of cellulose due to phosphorylation (from saraflamCWF), which is evident from FTIR spectrum (e), Fig. 1, as compared to spectrum
(a), Fig. 1, which shows some decrease in band size at 3350 cm
−1 as compared to the
corresponding bands in FTIR spectrum (a), Fig. 1 for bleached control jute.
J-U-AS-A-C -formulation 4 treated jute [Spectrum (d), Fig. 1], is a modified formulation of J-U-AS Formulation 1e, additionally admixed with a commercially available acrylic poly-carboxylate binder with polyolefin-based softener for
improving the wash durability of the said treatment, where it largely retains
similar characteristics in their FTIR spectra as that obtained for the J-U-ASformulation 1e treated jute in spectrum (b), Fig. 1, thereby only showing some
minor decrease/increase or weakening/strengthening of some FTIR peaks/bands.
One such minor change is the appearance of a duplet at 2750 cm
−1 region denoting
the presence of polyolefin attributed by –CH 2 – asymmetric and symmetric stretching
vibration (as an additional polyolefin characteristics for the incorporation of polyethylene-emulsion softener present in ceralube-HD softener along with the arcofix
A. K. Samanta et al.
J-U-SA—that is, formulation 2f treated jute [Spectrum (c), Fig. 1]—shows some
minor changes in functional group pattern by the said treatment when compared with
both the spectrum (a) and spectrum-(b), Fig. 1. Thus, In spectrum (c), Fig. 1, for J-USA-formulation 2f treated jute, there is a difference in the band intensity at 810 cm
−1
(indicating the presence of –SO 3 H) and a duplet arrived at 989 cm
−1 and 1030 cm
−1
(due to –OSO 2 -group of sulfamic acid). There is an increase in band intensity of
the transmittance peaks between 1700 cm
−1 to 1400 cm
−1 , which is attributed to
more acidic degradation of celluloses/hemicelluloses (in more acidic condition there
is a partial loss of hemicellulose and cellulose by chain scission) as compared to
ammonium sulfamate treatment by formulation 1e. Also the new sharp peak in this
spectrum (c), Fig. 1 at 2370 cm
−1 is also observed for N–H vibration of urea present
in the formulation 2f treated jute. No additional -C-N stretching vibration for primary
and secondary amines and no increase in the band intensity of the peak at 1446 cm
−1
which can be ascribed to the presence of -N-CH 2 component in the formulation 1e
treated jute, that is, 15 % SA + 12.5 % urea with 3 % MgCl 2 catalyst treated jute
is found, leading to clear indication that Reaction 8–10 do not occur probably due
to low curing temperature (130 °C for 3–4 min) than the degradation temperature of
sulfamic acid, which is known to be 205 °C.
Bl Jute- Bleached control Jute; J-U-AS-Formulation 1e; J-U-SA- Formulation 2f;
J-Sara-CWF-Formulation 3d; J-U-AS-A-C- Formulation 4
For comparison purpose, the bleached control jute is treated with a commercially
available saraflam-CWF, a THPC-based commercial fire-retardant chemical. Thus,
FTIR spectra [spectrum (e), Fig. 1] of J-saraflam-CWF, that is, formulation 3d treated
jute as compared to the FTIR spectra obtained for the bleached jute (Spectrum –a,
Fig. 1) shows distinctively some changes in functional group pattern after the said
saraflam-CWF treatment, despite showing some minor decrease/increase or weakening/strengthening of some FTIR peaks/bands also. In spectrum (e), Fig. 1, there
is an introduction of a new peak at 1646 cm
−1 (indicating –C-O stretching vibration) and there is an increase in band intensity at 2355 cm
−1 (due to N–H stretching
vibration for associated amines). This fire-retardant treatment results in blocking of
C 6 position of -CH 2 -OH-group of cellulose due to phosphorylation (from saraflamCWF), which is evident from FTIR spectrum (e), Fig. 1, as compared to spectrum
(a), Fig. 1, which shows some decrease in band size at 3350 cm
−1 as compared to the
corresponding bands in FTIR spectrum (a), Fig. 1 for bleached control jute.
J-U-AS-A-C -formulation 4 treated jute [Spectrum (d), Fig. 1], is a modified formulation of J-U-AS Formulation 1e, additionally admixed with a commercially available acrylic poly-carboxylate binder with polyolefin-based softener for
improving the wash durability of the said treatment, where it largely retains
similar characteristics in their FTIR spectra as that obtained for the J-U-ASformulation 1e treated jute in spectrum (b), Fig. 1, thereby only showing some
minor decrease/increase or weakening/strengthening of some FTIR peaks/bands.
One such minor change is the appearance of a duplet at 2750 cm
−1 region denoting
the presence of polyolefin attributed by –CH 2 – asymmetric and symmetric stretching
vibration (as an additional polyolefin characteristics for the incorporation of polyethylene-emulsion softener present in ceralube-HD softener along with the arcofix