Statistical Optimization of Ammonium Sulfamate and Urea-Based Fire …
115
4, as shown in Table 2) and this formulation 4 is when modified as formulation 1e
with the admixture of 50 gpl arkofix NEC Plus binder with 30 gpl ceralube–HD
softener show much higher wash stability of the formulation up to five wash cycles.
Additional cross-linked acrylic binder film formed after drying and curing embedding
said softener compound, fire retardant performances do not impair as these acrylic
binders and polyethylene-based softener are not acting as a single compound after
curing, but are forming a crosslinked acrylic binder film embedding the softener on
the jute-cellulose-sulfamate adduct substrate after the said fire-retardant treatment.
The reduction in LOI value per cycle is a maximum 1 unit per wash cycle up to
third wash cycle and there is no further loss of LOI value after third to fifth wash
cycles, in this case, showing good wash stability. formulation 1e and formulation
3d almost show equal fire retardant performance and wash stability, but formulation
3d need 30 % saraflam–CWF treatment, which is costlier and has an objectionable
formaldehyde release problem, as it is a THPC-based fire retardant compound.
The higher loss of LOI value in all the cases (except formulation 4) is due to the
removal of partial unfixed fire retardant chemicals applied and also for hydrolysis
of some already fixed fire retardant chemical formulations, however, which is not so
rapid after third to fifth wash because such unfixed chemicals are already washed
out in first and second washes. However, the changes in LOI value observed in third
and fifth wash is probably due to the hydrolysis of the already fixed fire retardant
chemicals, which is, however, nil for formulation 4 (marked bold in Table 3).
3.4 FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis of Untreated and Fire
Retardant Treated Jute Substrate
FTIR spectra of (a) Bleached untreated Jute (Bleached Control Jute); (b) J-U-ASformulation 1e; (c) J-U-SA formulation 2f; (d) J-Sara-CFW formulation 3d and (e)
(d) J-U-AS-AC formulation 4, are shown in Spectra (a) to (e) in Fig. 1 from wave
no. 4000–500 cm
−1 . For all the five FTIR spectra there are some common characteristic features due to three major constituents of jute namely alpha-cellulose,
hemi-cellulose and lignin [1–3] and their inter-unit linkages,. Such common characteristic peaks/features of FTIR spectra for each of the samples of untreated and
treated jute samples are shown in Table 4.
J-U-AS-formulation 1e treated jute [Spectrum (b), Fig. 1], by and large, retain
similar characteristics with their FTIR spectra as that obtained for the bleached
control jute, thereby showing almost no changes in major functional group pattern
by the said treatment, but there are some minor decrease/increase or weakening
of existing peaks with or without some additional small peak often observed. In
Spectrum (b), Fig. 1, for J-U-AS-formulation 1e, for treated jute, there is a minor
increase in band intensity at 1030 cm
−1 (due to –OSO 3 – stretching vibration) and a
small peaks at 1109 cm
−1 (indicating sulfamation in -CH 2 OH group in C 6 position
of jute cellulose) by the said AS-based fire retardant treatment on jute fabric.
115
4, as shown in Table 2) and this formulation 4 is when modified as formulation 1e
with the admixture of 50 gpl arkofix NEC Plus binder with 30 gpl ceralube–HD
softener show much higher wash stability of the formulation up to five wash cycles.
Additional cross-linked acrylic binder film formed after drying and curing embedding
said softener compound, fire retardant performances do not impair as these acrylic
binders and polyethylene-based softener are not acting as a single compound after
curing, but are forming a crosslinked acrylic binder film embedding the softener on
the jute-cellulose-sulfamate adduct substrate after the said fire-retardant treatment.
The reduction in LOI value per cycle is a maximum 1 unit per wash cycle up to
third wash cycle and there is no further loss of LOI value after third to fifth wash
cycles, in this case, showing good wash stability. formulation 1e and formulation
3d almost show equal fire retardant performance and wash stability, but formulation
3d need 30 % saraflam–CWF treatment, which is costlier and has an objectionable
formaldehyde release problem, as it is a THPC-based fire retardant compound.
The higher loss of LOI value in all the cases (except formulation 4) is due to the
removal of partial unfixed fire retardant chemicals applied and also for hydrolysis
of some already fixed fire retardant chemical formulations, however, which is not so
rapid after third to fifth wash because such unfixed chemicals are already washed
out in first and second washes. However, the changes in LOI value observed in third
and fifth wash is probably due to the hydrolysis of the already fixed fire retardant
chemicals, which is, however, nil for formulation 4 (marked bold in Table 3).
3.4 FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis of Untreated and Fire
Retardant Treated Jute Substrate
FTIR spectra of (a) Bleached untreated Jute (Bleached Control Jute); (b) J-U-ASformulation 1e; (c) J-U-SA formulation 2f; (d) J-Sara-CFW formulation 3d and (e)
(d) J-U-AS-AC formulation 4, are shown in Spectra (a) to (e) in Fig. 1 from wave
no. 4000–500 cm
−1 . For all the five FTIR spectra there are some common characteristic features due to three major constituents of jute namely alpha-cellulose,
hemi-cellulose and lignin [1–3] and their inter-unit linkages,. Such common characteristic peaks/features of FTIR spectra for each of the samples of untreated and
treated jute samples are shown in Table 4.
J-U-AS-formulation 1e treated jute [Spectrum (b), Fig. 1], by and large, retain
similar characteristics with their FTIR spectra as that obtained for the bleached
control jute, thereby showing almost no changes in major functional group pattern
by the said treatment, but there are some minor decrease/increase or weakening
of existing peaks with or without some additional small peak often observed. In
Spectrum (b), Fig. 1, for J-U-AS-formulation 1e, for treated jute, there is a minor
increase in band intensity at 1030 cm
−1 (due to –OSO 3 – stretching vibration) and a
small peaks at 1109 cm
−1 (indicating sulfamation in -CH 2 OH group in C 6 position
of jute cellulose) by the said AS-based fire retardant treatment on jute fabric.