Analysis and Design of an Optical Biosensor Using …
483
By analyzing one’s breathing rate also, most of the body’s nature can be detected.
Standard human breath consists of water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Recent technologies are adopted to construct breathing sensor with high precise
sensitivity. By doing breath analysis, different types of diseases could be detected.
An high intensity wave could be achieved in a laser source [4] by using Raman
spectroscopy method. Laser is used in applications like dental and medical treatment
such as cancer treatment.
Nowadays, we are having medical sensor where by using blood as the sample,
many outputs could be detected. This sensor uses current to frequency converter.
Presently, we have optical fiber sensor so as to measure refractive index of a sample.
In this case, a hybrid reconstruction algorithm is used. It also uses analog-to-digital
converter. But whatever be the type of sensor is designed, it should have a good
resolution, high precision, high selectivity, and so on. There may be so many layers
which may be constructed by using photolithography technique. The layers have to
be constructed, so that they should be less than 0.1 nm as much as possible. It is
also used for checking drugs present in the materials of interest. Most of the sensors
are based on surface plasmon resonance. It consists of a biosample, biorecognition
element, transducer, and the detected blood.
Light is nothing but an electromagnetic wave [5]. It consists of varying electric
and magnetic waves which vary perpendicular to each other. The electromagnetic
waves travel with a speed of 3 × 10
8 m/optical fiber that uses light which ranges in
infrared range which has wavelength of 700 nm to 1 mm.
Introduction to MEEP Tool It is an electromagnetic simulation tool. It has
improved features of signal processing conditions. It has many adaptable features
for many different types of environments. This tool mainly uses FDTD algorithm,
time, and space with regularity, and it also mainly uses Maxwell’s equations. The
light source which is placed for an optical sensor is assumed as a continuous wave
[2] source. It gives the output in time as well as space domain. Maxwell’s equations
that will be followed are (Fig. 2):
∂ B ∂t = −∇ × E − J B
(1)
∂ D ∂t = +∇ × H −J
(2)
The waveguide stimulates the scattering electric fields which propagates through
the waveguide. These fields move from left to right that is from source to detector.
Inside the waveguide sample like blood, saliva, etc., will be placed. Since this MEEP
is a simulation tool, refractive index value of normal blood and cancerous cell blood
refractive index value will be given to the MEEP algorithm. When the MEEP program
is run or simulated based on the number of steps required, the result will be quality
factor (QF). Based on the value of quality factor which will be different for normal
and cancerous cells [4–6], we can detect whether a person has cancer or any other
type of disease or he is normal that is without any disease. Practically, when light
is made to pass through the waveguide [3], the photons in light which has certain
483
By analyzing one’s breathing rate also, most of the body’s nature can be detected.
Standard human breath consists of water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Recent technologies are adopted to construct breathing sensor with high precise
sensitivity. By doing breath analysis, different types of diseases could be detected.
An high intensity wave could be achieved in a laser source [4] by using Raman
spectroscopy method. Laser is used in applications like dental and medical treatment
such as cancer treatment.
Nowadays, we are having medical sensor where by using blood as the sample,
many outputs could be detected. This sensor uses current to frequency converter.
Presently, we have optical fiber sensor so as to measure refractive index of a sample.
In this case, a hybrid reconstruction algorithm is used. It also uses analog-to-digital
converter. But whatever be the type of sensor is designed, it should have a good
resolution, high precision, high selectivity, and so on. There may be so many layers
which may be constructed by using photolithography technique. The layers have to
be constructed, so that they should be less than 0.1 nm as much as possible. It is
also used for checking drugs present in the materials of interest. Most of the sensors
are based on surface plasmon resonance. It consists of a biosample, biorecognition
element, transducer, and the detected blood.
Light is nothing but an electromagnetic wave [5]. It consists of varying electric
and magnetic waves which vary perpendicular to each other. The electromagnetic
waves travel with a speed of 3 × 10
8 m/optical fiber that uses light which ranges in
infrared range which has wavelength of 700 nm to 1 mm.
Introduction to MEEP Tool It is an electromagnetic simulation tool. It has
improved features of signal processing conditions. It has many adaptable features
for many different types of environments. This tool mainly uses FDTD algorithm,
time, and space with regularity, and it also mainly uses Maxwell’s equations. The
light source which is placed for an optical sensor is assumed as a continuous wave
[2] source. It gives the output in time as well as space domain. Maxwell’s equations
that will be followed are (Fig. 2):
∂ B ∂t = −∇ × E − J B
(1)
∂ D ∂t = +∇ × H −J
(2)
The waveguide stimulates the scattering electric fields which propagates through
the waveguide. These fields move from left to right that is from source to detector.
Inside the waveguide sample like blood, saliva, etc., will be placed. Since this MEEP
is a simulation tool, refractive index value of normal blood and cancerous cell blood
refractive index value will be given to the MEEP algorithm. When the MEEP program
is run or simulated based on the number of steps required, the result will be quality
factor (QF). Based on the value of quality factor which will be different for normal
and cancerous cells [4–6], we can detect whether a person has cancer or any other
type of disease or he is normal that is without any disease. Practically, when light
is made to pass through the waveguide [3], the photons in light which has certain