3.5 Actors Coproduce Value-in-Context in “Ba,” or Shared
Context-in-Motion, by Applying Competencies
The study of competency was first conducted in psychology as early as in the 1970s
(Maclelland, 1973). Since then, competency has attracted attention in the field of
service science, management, engineering, and design (SSMED), an emerging area
of study with pioneering research work in the areas of service marketing, service
operations, service management, service engineering, service economics, service
computing, and other service functions (Chesbrough & Spohrer, 2006; Maglio &
Spohrer, 2008). In these areas, many researchers have focused on the human aspect
of services. According to Vargo et al., service is “the application of specialized
competencies (knowledge and skills) through the deeds, processes, and performance
for the benefit of another entity or the entity itself” (Vargo & Lusch, 2004).
A theory of competency models elements such as motives, traits, self-concept,
attitudes, values, and skills as well as their dynamic interactions in a hierarchical
manner (Boyatzis, 1982); that is, competency is an underlying characteristic of an
individual that is causally related to criterion-referenced effective and/or superior
performance in a job or situation (Spencer & Spencer, 1993).
It is in “Ba” that human competencies are driven and applied. “Ba” (shared
context-in-motion) was first conceptualized by Japanese philosopher Kitaro Nishida
(Nishida, 1921). The difference between “Ba” and “place” is that “Ba” accumulates
diverse contexts and embeds a self-organization that adheres and generates a lot of
information, knowledge, and wisdom. In recent years, the theory of “Ba” has been
developed and inherited, and it is positioned at the center of knowledge creation
theory in management by Nonaka Ijiro (Nonaka & Konno, 1998). Consequently,
actors coproduce value-in-context in “Ba” or shared context-in-motion by applying
competencies.
Competency drives in “Ba.” Then, the interaction of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom will emerge. Thus, in “Ba” the dynamically moving context is
shared, and is sublimated from data to information, from information to knowledge,
and from knowledge to wisdom. Thus, learning by experience emerges in “Ba.”
3.6 Translationality Sets the Fundamental Basis of Systemic
Transition from an Existing System into Another Form
of System
Translationality is fundamental to the systemic transition of one system to another.
At the first glance, a social system seems to change continuously, but large
noncontinuous changes reduce the complexity inside the system, and the system
itself transcends different boundaries and changes to another as illustrated in Fig. 4.
Turning to history, the entire society, including the French Revolution in Europe,
the American Revolutionary War, and the Meiji Restoration in Japan, can be
8
H. Matsushita
Context-in-Motion, by Applying Competencies
The study of competency was first conducted in psychology as early as in the 1970s
(Maclelland, 1973). Since then, competency has attracted attention in the field of
service science, management, engineering, and design (SSMED), an emerging area
of study with pioneering research work in the areas of service marketing, service
operations, service management, service engineering, service economics, service
computing, and other service functions (Chesbrough & Spohrer, 2006; Maglio &
Spohrer, 2008). In these areas, many researchers have focused on the human aspect
of services. According to Vargo et al., service is “the application of specialized
competencies (knowledge and skills) through the deeds, processes, and performance
for the benefit of another entity or the entity itself” (Vargo & Lusch, 2004).
A theory of competency models elements such as motives, traits, self-concept,
attitudes, values, and skills as well as their dynamic interactions in a hierarchical
manner (Boyatzis, 1982); that is, competency is an underlying characteristic of an
individual that is causally related to criterion-referenced effective and/or superior
performance in a job or situation (Spencer & Spencer, 1993).
It is in “Ba” that human competencies are driven and applied. “Ba” (shared
context-in-motion) was first conceptualized by Japanese philosopher Kitaro Nishida
(Nishida, 1921). The difference between “Ba” and “place” is that “Ba” accumulates
diverse contexts and embeds a self-organization that adheres and generates a lot of
information, knowledge, and wisdom. In recent years, the theory of “Ba” has been
developed and inherited, and it is positioned at the center of knowledge creation
theory in management by Nonaka Ijiro (Nonaka & Konno, 1998). Consequently,
actors coproduce value-in-context in “Ba” or shared context-in-motion by applying
competencies.
Competency drives in “Ba.” Then, the interaction of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom will emerge. Thus, in “Ba” the dynamically moving context is
shared, and is sublimated from data to information, from information to knowledge,
and from knowledge to wisdom. Thus, learning by experience emerges in “Ba.”
3.6 Translationality Sets the Fundamental Basis of Systemic
Transition from an Existing System into Another Form
of System
Translationality is fundamental to the systemic transition of one system to another.
At the first glance, a social system seems to change continuously, but large
noncontinuous changes reduce the complexity inside the system, and the system
itself transcends different boundaries and changes to another as illustrated in Fig. 4.
Turning to history, the entire society, including the French Revolution in Europe,
the American Revolutionary War, and the Meiji Restoration in Japan, can be
8
H. Matsushita