70
3 Advanced Technologies (Biological and Thermochemical) …
Table 3.5 List of industrial hydrothermal liquefaction plants around the world. Regenerated with
permission from Elsevier [40]
Country
Process name
Developer
Temperature
(°C)
Biomass
feedstock
Capacity
USA
PERC
Pittsburgh
Energy
Research
Center
330–370
Wood chips
Unknown
USA
LBL
Lawrence
Berkeley
Laboratory
330–360
Wood chips
Unknown
Netherlands HTU
Shell
Research
Institute
300–350
All types of
biomass and
residues
100 kg/h (wet)
pilot plant
Germany
Direct
Liquefaction of
Organic
Substances (DoS)
HAW
350–500
Lignocellulosic
biomass (e.g.,
wood, straw)
5 kg/h
semi-continuous
USA
STORS
EPA’s Water
Engineering
Research
Laboratory
300
Sewage sludge 30 kg/h
Japan
STORS
Organo
Corp.
300
Sewage sludge 5 t/d
Denmark
CatLiq
SCF
Technologies
A/S
280–350
DDGS (Dried
distiller grain
with solubles)
20 L/h, pilot
plant
USA
Thermal
Depolymerization
Process (TDP)
Changing
World
Technologies
Inc.
200–300
Turkey offal
and fats
250 t/d
demonstration [51]. The addition of lignocellulosic biomass to the sludge increased
sludge solid concentration and enabled the treatment of two types of waste materials
at the same time, which proved to be a promising solution to enhancing the economics
of HTL treatment of wastewater sludge and producing bio-oil with increased yield
and quality. The schematic diagram of the process is shown in Fig. 3.3. As discussed
previously, however using high concentration feedstocks in a continuous-flow HTL
reactor increases the potential of clogging of the pumping and reactor systems. Using
mixed solvents of ethanol and water could prevent the adhesion of bio-oil products
to the reactor wall and clogging of the reactor [51]. In most processes, the aqueous
(water-soluble) waste stream from the HTL process was not utilized, and handling
the aqueous waste stream is another challenge for industrial applications of HTL
[40]. As another novelty of the patented process, this aqueous stream was utilized
for biogas production through anaerobic digestion for enhanced energy recovery
[52]. A pilot scale of this process with the flowrate of 6 kg/h was designed and
3 Advanced Technologies (Biological and Thermochemical) …
Table 3.5 List of industrial hydrothermal liquefaction plants around the world. Regenerated with
permission from Elsevier [40]
Country
Process name
Developer
Temperature
(°C)
Biomass
feedstock
Capacity
USA
PERC
Pittsburgh
Energy
Research
Center
330–370
Wood chips
Unknown
USA
LBL
Lawrence
Berkeley
Laboratory
330–360
Wood chips
Unknown
Netherlands HTU
Shell
Research
Institute
300–350
All types of
biomass and
residues
100 kg/h (wet)
pilot plant
Germany
Direct
Liquefaction of
Organic
Substances (DoS)
HAW
350–500
Lignocellulosic
biomass (e.g.,
wood, straw)
5 kg/h
semi-continuous
USA
STORS
EPA’s Water
Engineering
Research
Laboratory
300
Sewage sludge 30 kg/h
Japan
STORS
Organo
Corp.
300
Sewage sludge 5 t/d
Denmark
CatLiq
SCF
Technologies
A/S
280–350
DDGS (Dried
distiller grain
with solubles)
20 L/h, pilot
plant
USA
Thermal
Depolymerization
Process (TDP)
Changing
World
Technologies
Inc.
200–300
Turkey offal
and fats
250 t/d
demonstration [51]. The addition of lignocellulosic biomass to the sludge increased
sludge solid concentration and enabled the treatment of two types of waste materials
at the same time, which proved to be a promising solution to enhancing the economics
of HTL treatment of wastewater sludge and producing bio-oil with increased yield
and quality. The schematic diagram of the process is shown in Fig. 3.3. As discussed
previously, however using high concentration feedstocks in a continuous-flow HTL
reactor increases the potential of clogging of the pumping and reactor systems. Using
mixed solvents of ethanol and water could prevent the adhesion of bio-oil products
to the reactor wall and clogging of the reactor [51]. In most processes, the aqueous
(water-soluble) waste stream from the HTL process was not utilized, and handling
the aqueous waste stream is another challenge for industrial applications of HTL
[40]. As another novelty of the patented process, this aqueous stream was utilized
for biogas production through anaerobic digestion for enhanced energy recovery
[52]. A pilot scale of this process with the flowrate of 6 kg/h was designed and